PTEROMALIDAE OF N.W. EUROPE 35 



- Hind femora without teeth or serrations ; occiput not margined ... 52 



52 (32) Antennae with two anelli TORYMIDAE (part) 



- Antennae with three or more anelli ....... 53 



53 (52) Proximal segments of antennal flagellum increasing gradually in size, so that 



there is no very clear distinction between anelli and funicular segments 



TORYMIDAE (part) 



- Antennae with three anelli which are obviously smaller than any of the suc- 



ceeding funicular segments (antennal formula 11 353) 



PTEROMALINAE (part) 



54 (50) Anterior margin of metapleuron not sinuate ; ventral edge of hind femora 



without teeth or serrations ; occiput not margined 



EUPELMIDAE (part) 



- Either the anterior margin of the metapleuron is sinuate (Text-fig. 15) ; or 



the ventral edge of the hind femora has a tooth, teeth, or fine serrations ; 



or the occiput is margined ...... TORYMIDAE (part) 



CLEONYMINAE 



Head in frontal view (Text-fig. 41) with the inner orbits diverging strongly in their lower 

 part, at an angle of 20 to 45° to the vertical. Antennae either with one anellus and seven 

 funicular segments ; or without anelli but with eight funicular segments ; clava solid, two- 

 segmented, or three-segmented. Mandibles bi- or tridentate. Pronotum relatively large, 

 its median length from nearly half, to as great as, that of the mesoscutum. Mesoscutal notauli 

 complete or incomplete. Postspiracular sclerite relatively large, sometimes pilose. Hind 

 tibiae with two apical spurs. 



The concept of this group has changed considerably since its proposal by Walker 

 (1833 : 370). His diagnosis is very vague, and it is not clear from his later work 

 what he supposed the limits of the group to be. Forster (1856 : 46-47) brought 

 together a heterogeneous assemblage of genera under the family name Cleonymoidae ; 

 these genera are now referred to three different families of Chalcidoidea. Thomson 

 (1878 : 3-4) treated the group as a subtribe Cleonymides of his tribe Pteromalina, 

 including in it 5 genera, 4 of which are now referred to Pteromalinae. Ashmead 

 (1904 : 280-286) redefined a family Cleonymidae, to some extent following Forster's 

 and Thomson's ideas but adding others of his own. His Cleonymidae includes 

 several genera which are currently referred to Pteromalinae. Schmiedeknecht 

 (1909 : 149-169) adopted Ashmead's concepts, except that he reduced the group to 

 the rank of a subfamily. Kerrich & Graham (1957 : 265-311) followed to a large 

 extent the arrangement proposed by Ashmead, simply for reasons of convenience, 

 although they had realized the diversity of the elements composing his group. 

 Boucek's study of Cleonyminae (1958 : 353-386) was a great advance on earlier 

 ideas. After removing a number of genera which had no connection with Cleonymus 

 and its allies, Boucek succeeded in defining Cleonyminae (ibid. : 354) in a very satis- 

 factory manner. He gave sound reasons for regarding the group as merely a sub- 

 family of Pteromalidae, and divided it into several tribes. My own views are in 

 close agreement with his, the only point regarding which I feel some doubt being the 

 systematic position of the genus Oodera Westwood. In the above paper Boucek 

 transferred this genus from Eupelmidae to Pteromalidae Cleonyminae. I would 

 myself prefer to keep it in Eupelmidae, although I admit that Boucek has some valid 



