36 M. W. R. de V. GRAHAM 



reasons for his view. The genus in fact forms a link between Eupelmidae and 

 Cleonyminae, having some characters peculiar to both. These two groups must I 

 think have originated from a common stock. Their respective females have in most 

 cases diverged considerably in structure, their males on the whole less so. The 

 latter fact makes it difficult to separate Eupelmidae from Pteromalidae by a set of 

 characters which will apply consistently to both sexes. Much further research upon 

 exotic Cleonyminae will be necessary before a solution to this difficulty can be found. 



Chalcedectinae, a group most highly developed in South America and Australia, 

 are distinguished from Cleonyminae by their greatly swollen hind femora, which are 

 armed beneath with teeth or serrations, much as in Chalcididae. Boucek regards 

 this group as a separate subfamily of Pteromalidae. Except in the characters of the 

 hind femora they certainly appear to be very close to Cleonyminae, but are perhaps 

 better kept separate for the present. Typical Chalcedectinae are not known from 

 Europe. Steffan (1964 : 104-106) has described a new genus and species from 

 France, Agrilocida ferrierei, of which only the male is known. This has the hind 

 femora strongly swollen and serrate beneath as in Chalcedectinae, but differs in 

 some other characters from typical members of that subfamily. Perhaps it should 

 form a subfamily of its own. Meanwhile it is placed provisionally in Cleonyminae, 

 from all other European members of which it may be distinguished by the charac- 

 teristic hind femora. 



Cleonyminae are better represented in subtropical and tropical regions, where some 

 very large and striking forms occur, than in the temperate zones. 



Key to European Genera 



1 Wings rudimentary, not reaching beyond level of propodeal spiracles 



PANNONIELLA Erdos (p. 40) 

 Wings fully developed .......... 2 



2 (1) Fore wing with base of parastigma much thickened and forming a callus 



which bears a group of black bristles. Scrobes deep, their sides with a 

 sharp edge, at least ventrally. Fore femora, except in dwarfs, with teeth 

 or serrations beneath. 



Females with last segment of antennal funicle of normal shape, sym- 

 metrical and without a process ; clava without a terminal stylus ; ovi- 

 positor sheaths distinctly exserted . . HEYDENIA Forster (p. 39) 

 Fore wing with base of parastigma not thickened, without a group of black 

 bristles. Scrobes shallow or very shallow, their sides not sharply defined. 

 Fore femora without teeth or serrations beneath. 



Females with last segment of antennal funicle asymmetrical, ventrally 

 (Text-fig. 60) produced into a process which lies along the basal part of the 

 clava, the latter apically acuminate or with a stylus ; ovipositor sheaths 

 not, or only very slightly, exserted ....... 3 



3 (2) Fore wing almost wholly pilose, without a speculum. Propodeum (medially) 



shorter than the scutellum. Head, and dorsum of thorax excluding pro- 

 podeum, thickly and conspicuously pilose ; eyes densely, though some- 

 times shortly, pilose. Antennal flagellum of male without branches 



CLEONYMUS LatreiUe (p. 37) 

 About the basal third of the fore wing bare or nearly so. Propodeum (medially) 

 as long as the scutellum. Head, and dorsum of thorax often with sparse or 



