PTEROMALIDAE OF N.W. EUROPE 417 



Cheiropachus colon (Linnaeus) ; Ferriere, 1948 : 522-523, <J $. 

 Cheiropachus colon (Linnaeus) ; Sachtleben, 1952 : 178-181. 

 Cheiropachus colon (Linnaeus) ; Hedqvist, 1963 : 103-110,^9. 



Type material. Cynips tripunctatus Fourcroy. Types probably lost. Identity 

 very doubtful. 



Ichneumon quadrum Fabricius. Syntypes, 2 specimens in the private collection 

 of Fabricius, Kiel University. LECTOTYPE <$, a pinned specimen labelled " quad- 

 rum ", probably in the handwriting of Fabricius. 



Cleonymus maculipennis Curtis. Described from material " in the Cabinets of 

 Mr. Cooper and the Author ". The collection of Cooper cannot be traced ; 

 Westwood's collection contains some Chalcidoidea from Cooper, but no specimens of 

 maculipennis. Dr. A. Neboiss kindly sent me notes on the specimens standing as 

 such in Curtis' collection. They comprise 5 specimens, 2 <$ and 3 $, of which only 

 the 2 <$ can be regarded as syntypes. None of the specimens bears any label on the 

 pin, but in Curtis' notebook there is the following information : " June, 4^ trunks of 

 decayed elms nr. Knight's hill Cottage, Dulwich. July & Aug. <$ $ Coomb wood on 

 an old rail in the sunshine, and <$ $ from an oak Oxford, $ Southgate." Of the two 

 male syntypes, one is carded and the other pinned. The carded male has exactly 

 the same type of mounting as a female which is also carded ; Dr. Neboiss therefore 

 believes that it could have been part of the July and August collecting. This leaves 

 the pinned male which presumably represents one of the June specimens ; as the 

 latter are the only ones originally mentioned by Curtis in folio 194, p. [2], this pinned 

 male is selected as LECTOTYPE of maculipennis. 



The type material of the other species cited in the above synonymy has not been 

 examined. The Ratzeburg species were synonymized with colon (L.) by Kurdjumov 

 (1913 : 22-23) ! their respective types are now presumed to be destroyed. 



Since the time of Thomson (1878) this species has generally been known by the 

 name Cheiropachus colon (Linnaeus), although prior to that date the name C. 

 quadrum (F.) was in general use. Thomson evidently followed Walker who (1848) 

 incorrectly synonymized quadrum with colon. The Linnean type of colon belongs 

 to Dinotiscus (see discussion, p. 411 under Dinotiscus colon). This means that 

 Cheiropachus colon auctt. [nee Linnaeus] must once more be known as C. quadrum 

 (Fabricius). The transfer of the name colon to another genus is unfortunate, but 

 unavoidable. 



Whole of Europe ; Turkestan ; North Africa ; Canada ; U.S.A. ; Argentina. 



Biology. Reared from many species of Coleoptera Scolytidae (see Sachtleben, 

 1952 ; Hedqvist, 1963). Russo (1938) gave a very detailed account of the biology 

 (as colon) studied in Italy, where several annual generations may occur, the insect 

 being found from early spring until November. Hedqvist (1963) considered that at 

 most 2 generations occur in Sweden. In Britain I have captured specimens in the 

 field in July, August, and September ; in Poland it has been recorded in June- July 

 and Oct -Nov. 



Adults of quadrum vary greatly in size, males 1-8-3 mm., females 1-83-4-65 mm. 

 according to Russo, who stated that variations in size and colour were connected 



