148 



THE ZOOLOGIST. 



Glareolid^e. 



Glareola pratincola (E. Hartert, 



in lit.). 

 Cursorius rufus (feet project be- 

 hind tail). 

 (Edicnemid.e:. 



CEdicnemus capensis (feet project 

 behind tail). 

 Stercorariin^e. 



Stercorarins parasiticus. 

 Larin-e. 



Rissa tridactylites pollicaris (posi- 

 tion variable, see above). 

 R. b?-evirostris. 

 Larus glaucescens. 



L. 

 L. 

 L. 

 L. 

 L. 

 L. 



argentatus. 



marinas. 



schistisagus. 



occidentalis. 



ridibundus. 



melanperus. 



Legs and feet 



generally 



" reach to about 



base of tail. 



Sterninje. 

 Probably all species. 



ALCIDiE. 



Lunda cirrhata. 



Fratercula arctica. 



F. corniculata. 



Cepphus columba. 



C. carbo. 



C. snoivi. 



Uria troile. 



U. arra. 



The family generally (F. Finn). 

 Columbid^. 



Columba palumbus.* 



C. domesticus ; feet visible near 

 base of tail (observation con- 

 firmed by E. Hartert and 

 Miss E. Theys). 

 Cuculid^:. ■ 



Eudynamis honor ata (F. Finn). 

 PsiTTAcma:. 



Palmornh torquatus (F. Finn). 



* Until I had read Mr. Finn's paper I had placed the Pigeons amongst 

 those birds which carry the feet forwards, as I had undoubtedly observed 

 them in that position. Adopting this naturalist's suggestion that the legs 

 are changed from the forward to the backward position when in full flight, 

 I carefully watched a flock of tame Pigeons, and am happy to be able to 

 corroborate his remarks. After I had written my own paper, I obtained 

 leave to submit it to Mr. E. Hartert, the originator of the discussion. Mr. 

 Hartert, although at first sceptical, has now also satisfied himself of the 

 truth of Mr. Finn's observations, and has obtained independent corrobora- 

 tion from a sharp-sighted friend of his, Miss E. Theys. I have also to thank 

 Mr. Hartert for several suggestions, for the discovery of one or two slips, for 

 a good many additions to my list of species observed in flight, and for his 

 kindness in reading my paper while in manuscript. 



I was particularly pleased with the knowledge and accuracy shown by 

 Japanese artists when depicting flying birds. The temple decorators of old 

 Japan seem to have held very sound views on this subject — far sounder than 

 many of our modern artists, taxidermists, and even (occasionally) our 

 museums. In the Sighasi Otanu Temple at Kyoto small carved birds, said 

 to have been finished some three hundred years ago, are represented in 

 flight with legs half doubled up, the feet forward ; crested water birds of 

 some species with which I am not acquainted and the imaginary " Phoenix 

 Bird" carry the legs stretched out stiffly behind them, with the toes folded 

 and forming a knob at the end of the leg. 



The drawing of a white-fronted Goose in the Chionin Monastery, rebuilt 

 in 1630, at Kyoto, and attributed (as far as I could make out the name from 



