BIRDS MENTIONED BY ARISTOTLE. 



253 



used the same names, and that the avifauna of Greece, Tur- 

 key, and Asia Minor, at the present time, may be taken 

 as a guide in forming an opinion as to the birds known by 

 Aristotle. It would be very difficult to determine to what extent 

 reliance can be placed upon these assumptions, but the pro- 

 bability of comparatively extensive changes in the avifauna of 

 the countries mentioned since Aristotle's time has been specially 

 impressed upon me by H. Seward, Esq., B.A. Oxon, to whom 

 my thanks are due for reading the manuscript. That changes in 

 the avifauna of the countries mentioned have taken place since 

 Aristotle's time cannot be doubted, but it would be reasonable to 

 contend that the assumption previously mentioned is reliable as 

 far as the common, or tolerably common, species mentioned 

 herein are concerned. 



In conclusion, the following table will show, in a convenient 

 form, the chief results of this attempt to identify some of the 

 birds mentioned by Aristotle : — 



Greek Names. 



English Names. 



Scientific Names. 



cfnous (apous) (^ku$,e>.\os) 



Common Swift 



Cypselus apus. 

 C. melba. 



Alpine Swift 



Kvxvoi (cycnos) 



House-Martin (?) 



Sand-Martin 



Swallow 



Chelidon urbica. 

 Cotile riparia, 

 Hirundo rustica. 



Crag-Martin (?) 

 House-Martin (?) ... 



Whistling Swan 



Mute Swan 



Cotile rupestris. 

 Chelidon urbica. 

 Cygnus musicus. 





C. olor. 



yjw (chen) 



Bean Goose 



Anser cinereus. 





A. seqetum. 



o (Mx.po<; x,w 



White-fronted Goose . 



[Pintail Duck ?] 

 Mallard 



A. albifrons. 

 Chenalopex cegyptiacus. 

 Dafila acuta. 

 Anas boscas. 



XWaXuTonk (chenalopex) .. 



wtto. (netta) 



fioaKcii; (boscas) 



Wigeon 



Mareca penelope. 

 Querquedula crecca. 

 Q. crecca. 

 Fulica atra. 



stWaotJ' (penelops) 



paxaqiq [phalaris] 



ttoXu/M^iq (colymbis) 



hctgog (laros) 



Common Teal ? 



[Common Teal?] 

 Common Coot 



Great Crested Grebe . 

 Common Gull 



Podicipes cristatus. 

 Larus canus. 





Herring-Gull 



L. argentatus. 



L. melanocephalus, &c. 



L. leucophceus. 





Adriatic Gull, &c. ... 

 Yellow-legged Her- 

 ring-Gull. 





