4 



MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF ADULT MALES 



Brachypterous males 

 Head . 

 Thorax 

 Abdomen . 

 Apterous males 

 Discussion 



Status of Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae 

 Taxonomic Significance of the Characters 

 Classification of Family Pseudococcidae 

 Groups of Genera 

 Genera . 

 Species . 

 Family Eriococcidae 

 Relationships of Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae with other Coccoidea 

 Analysis ..... 

 Description of species 

 Pseudococcidae 

 planococcus Group 

 pseudococcus Group 

 saccharicoccus group . 

 octococcus Group, 

 ceroputo Group 



NAIROBIA Group 



Eriococcidae . 

 Keys ..... 



Lettering used in text-figures 

 List of abbreviations 

 References .... 

 Index ..... 



30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 31 

 3i 

 54 

 58 

 63 

 69 

 72 

 74 

 74 

 79 

 92 



93 

 93 

 131 

 143 

 151 

 155 

 163 

 167 

 196 

 203 

 204 

 206 

 210 



SYNOPSIS 



The adult males of 17 pseudococcid species (belonging to 13 genera, and represented by 

 macropterous and apterous forms) and 7 eriococcid species (belonging to 4 genera, and repre- 

 sented by macropterous, brachypterous and apterous forms) were described and illustrated 

 in detail. The study indicated that the two groups, whose taxonomic status was yet contro- 

 versial, deserved the rank of separate families, and the characters differentiating the males of the 

 two families were given. The general morphology of the males was discussed and a number 

 of new terms introduced. The affinities of the studied species (and 3 others described in detail 

 by Giliomee, 1961) were determined and statistically analysed, and a classification of Pseudo- 

 coccidae was suggested. The relationships of the lecanoid types of male (Pseudococcidae, 

 Eriococcidae and Coccidae), between each other and with other families of Coccoidea were 

 discussed. The results of this work confirmed earlier conclusions by Ghauri (1962) and 

 Giliomee (1961 & 1967) that the males afford significant characters at all the taxonomic levels 

 including the specific. Detailed keys to the families downwards to the species were constructed. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



I am greatly indebted to Dr. K. L. Boratynski, who suggested and supervised this 

 study, and also placed some material from his own collection at my disposal. I am 

 also grateful to Prof. O. W. Richards, F.R.S., Head of the Department of Zoology 

 and Applied Entomology, Imperial College, for the facilities granted, and to Mr. R. G. 



