12 MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF ADULT MALES 



Derm Vestiture. The body setae : These are of two main types : The fleshy 

 (Giliomee, 1961) or " digitiform " (Beardsley, i960), which are comparatively thick 

 and apically obtuse ; and the hair-like (Giliomee, I.e.) or " filamentous " (Beardsley, 

 I.e.), which are much thinner, with very acute tips. 



The fleshy setae may occur on any part of the body itself (i.e. on the head, thorax 

 or abdomen), as well as on the antennae and legs (the Pseudococcus group), or their 

 presence may be limited to the appendages only (most species of other groups), 

 occurring both on the antennae and on the legs (P. citri), or on the antennae only 

 (N. vastator) ; or are absent altogether (C. pilosellae). The hair-like setae always 

 occur on the body and on the appendages. Other types of more specialized setae 

 will be described later, together with the other details of the parts on which they 

 occur. 



The disc pores. With the exception of Nairobia group, the males of Pseudo- 

 coccidae carry a number of disc pores, sometimes on the thorax and the abdomen 

 only (e.g. Octococcus group), or also on the head (e.g. Pseudococcus group). In the 

 material studied, the pores were usually quadrilocular, occasionally trilocular, 

 quinquelocular or 6-locular ; in some species, Beardsley (i960) observed pores with 

 more than 6 peripheral loculi. 



MACROPTEROUS MALES 



Head 



The head capsule of the coccid male, as discussed by Theron (1958), is almost 

 entirely made up of the epicranium ; the absence of the functional mouth parts 

 has resulted in a considerable reduction of the " vorderkopf " and absence of the 

 labium. 



The head has the form of a somewhat irregular tetrahedron ; subtriangular in 

 dorsal, lateral and frontal views ; broadest posteriorly across the genae, and 

 becoming gradually narrower anteriorly towards the truncate apex and antero- 

 ventrally towards the cone on which the ventral eyes are situated. Between the 

 apex of the head and the ventral cone, the surface of the head is often depressed ; 

 this ventral preocular depression (vprd) may be deep and conspicuous (e.g. P. 

 dioscoreae) , or shallow and ill-defined (e.g. P. citri) ; in the Saccharicoccus group, the 

 depression is absent. 



The head capsule is reinforced by a number of ridges, of variable shape, degree of 

 development, sclerotization, etc. The midcranial ridge (mcr) with its longitudinal 

 dorsal (dmcr), ventral (vmcr), and the apical transverse lateral arms (lmcr), gives 

 support to the anterior part of the head. The dorsal arm is usually distinct although 

 slender, but sometimes reduced and its position only marked by heavy sclerotization 

 (S. sacchari), or absent altogether (F. virgata). This arm, when present, posteriorly 

 reaches at least to the level of the dorsal eyes and then fades away (e.g. P. citri), 

 or extends further back to meet or almost meet the postoccipital ridge (e.g. P. 

 obscuras). Anteriorly, the dorsal arm is usually separated from the other arms 

 by a very short distance. The ventral arm anteriorly gives off two branches, the 

 lateral arms, forming a Y, or occasionally T-shaped ridge (N. vastator, Text-fig. 



