22 MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF ADULT MALES 



metaspiracular pores (sp3p) ; the anterior metasternal pores (amsp) ; and the 

 posterior metasternal pores (pmsp). 



Wings and Hamulohalterae 



The fore wings are membranous, large and elongate, rounded distally and narrow 

 basally ; the posterior margin of the wing is produced near its base to form a small 

 alar lobe (al) which is adapted to receive the apically hooked seta of the hamulo- 

 haltera. The entire surface of the wing (except the area of the alar lobe) is evenly 

 covered with minute hairs, the microtrichia. The venation is reduced to two veins, 

 radius (rad) and media (med). Near their bases, the wings usually carry a variable 

 number of alar setae (als), and a compact dorsal row of few circular sensor ia (sens.), 

 just anterior to the radial vein. 



The metathoracic wings are modified into small and elongate hamulohalterae (h). 

 This term (singular hamulohaltera), was recently proposed for the coccid males by 

 Kawecki (1965) as a substitute to what was referred to as " pseudohalteres " in his 

 earlier paper (1958b), or as " halteres " by other authors. On explaining the 

 original definition of the word " haltere ", Kawecki showed how it could be applied 

 correctly to the second pair of wings in Diptera and male Strepsiptera, but emphas- 

 ized that their different appearance, structure and function in the males of 

 Coccoidea demanded the adoption of another term. He also referred to the term 

 " retinacoli ", used by earlier authors, maintaining that it is equally erroneous 

 because it denotes an apparatus for fastening the wings, located on the anterior 

 pair. The writer feels therefore that the proposed term seems to be more acceptable. 



The hamulohaltera is membranous, supported along its anterior margin by a 

 weak and slender hamulohalteral ridge (hr). This ridge was overlooked by many 

 writers, but Jancke (1955) referred to a strengthening of the anterior margin of the 

 hamulohaltera, and Giliomee (1967) described it as resembling a wing vein. 



Legs 



Three pairs of well developed legs, of variable lengths and stoutness, are present. 

 The fore legs are usually the shortest and the hind legs the longest, but sometimes 

 the middle legs are the shortest (Ceroputo group), or the fore and the middle legs 

 subequal (e.g. Nipaecoccus spp.). The legs consist of the usual segments, all of 

 which (except the claw) are beset with numerous hair-like, and usually fleshy 

 setae also. 



The coxa (ex) is supported at its broad base by a well developed ridge ; this ridge 

 provides a small process dorsally, which articulates with the pleural ridge. The 

 distal end of the coxa is narrower, and also supported by a ridge, which provides 

 two processes, one on each side, serving for the articulation with the trochanter. 



The trochanter (tr) with sclerotized basal and distal margins ; this segment is 

 divided into a relatively long proximal part and a short distal one, by means of a 

 distinct constriction supported by a weakly developed short ridge. One compara- 

 tively long hair-like apical seta (ase) may occur on the outer side of the distal part 

 (e.g. N. vastator). Three circular sensilla are usually arranged in a triangle on each 

 side, but in few individuals two or four on one side were observed. 



