76 MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF ADULT MALES 



specialized than Pseudococcidae since they generally share more characters with the 

 highly specialized Diaspididae. Dealing with lecanoids, Giliomee found it necessary 

 to introduce minor amendments to Theron's definition of the lecanoid type of 

 male (these include the presence of the metasternal plates and the abdominal 

 sclerites). The present study of Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae has also revealed 

 that two further minor amendments are necessary, i.e. regarding the presence of a 

 distinct postoccipital ridge and of the metasternal apophyses. 



In an attempt to determine the affinities of Coccoidea, it is now possible to 

 consider 6 families for which adequate information on the males is now available, 

 i.e. Margarodidae, Phenacoleachiidae, Pseudococcidae, Eriococcidae, Coccidae and 

 Diaspididae. Steingelia, although a margarodid, is treated separately because of its 

 aberrant characters. Thirteen available characters were relevant for this purpose, 

 and the distribution of their conditions within the families is shown in table VI. 

 Each of the characters occur either in a specialized condition (marked " X ") or a 

 primitive one (marked " O "). 



Table VI 

 Male characters whose conditions indicate affinities within coccoidea 





•o S o «2 2 



"3 .2 -3 ■« "° 



o 



"v o o y iS !2 



iS Jj J3 u) 1- O -JT 



g m CU d, W cj Q 



Specialized conditions of the characters ( x ) : 

 i. Disc pores absent. O O XQxO X XO X 



2 



3 

 4 

 5 

 6 



7 

 8 



9 

 io 

 ii 



12 



13 



Neck region absent. O O O O O O X 



Postoccipital ridge absent. O X O O X O 



Interocular ridges present. O O OxOOxOO 



Tentorium absent. O O O O O O X 



Compound eyes absent. O X X X X X X 



Membraneous area of scutum absent. X O O X X X X 



Scutellum short and transverse. O X O O X X X 



Median ridge of basisternum absent. O O X X X O 



Metasternal sclerites absent. O O O X X O O 



Metasternal apophysis absent. O O O O O X X 



Ostioles present. O OXOxOO O O 



Penial sheath elongate. O O O O O X X 



Specialized conditions. — 3 3 4 6 5 



Primitive conditions. 12 10 8 6 7 6 



Both conditions present. 1 



