80 MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF ADULT MALES 



satisfactory classification is to be investigated further. A number of papers have 

 been published, in which numerical taxonomy was utilized. In Entomology it was 

 applied by Stroud (1953) for Termites ; Sokal (1958) and Sokal and Michener (1958) 

 for the classification of Hoplitis complex of Bees ; Rohlf (1963) for Mosquitoes ; 

 and Sheals (1964) for Acarina. 



The computer programmes were available for two methods of statistical analysis, 

 which were used for my data : 



The Principal Component (vector analysis) method, using the BIGMAT programme 

 developed by M. Elson and R. E. Funderlic of Central Data Processing Facility, 

 Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A., and available at the Imperial College computer 

 unit (Share pamphlet). This programme generates first a Covariance matrix 

 calculated from 



I(X ij -X j )(X lh -X ll ) 



i = l 



which basically is a coefficient of similarity ; and then the subroutine BIGMAT 

 Fortran IV matrix eigensystem solver calculates eigenvalues (latent roots) and 

 eigenvectors (latent vectors) of real symmetric matrices and can operate up to a 

 matric limit of 235 X 235. The " normal " analysis (Q-technique) which ordinates 

 the species (OTU's) was used. 



The Taxon analysis method as described by Sokal and Sneath (1963, p. 195 and 

 296), with clustering by the weighted pair-group method using Spearman's sums of 

 variables method (WPGM) (p. 309). This method uses the correlation coefficients 

 between each pair of OTU's based on standardized characters and calculated by 

 the computational formula : 



|XuX ik -i(|x ij )(|x ik ) 



i = l v i = l ' J L i = 1 X i = l ' 



This programme was developed in the Department of Zoology, Imperial College, 

 by Dr. G. Murdie specially for the purpose of these studies. The author, who is 

 not very familiar with the statistical methods involved, is grateful to Dr. Boratynski 

 for his guidance and to Dr. Murdie for developing the Taxon programme. 



The method based on taxonomic distance coefficient, which in some cases was 

 shown to give better results, could not be applied since the appropriate computer 

 programme was not ready in time. 



Procedure 



The 29 species included in this study are listed on the right side of the dendogram 

 of Fig. (A), and the order or numbering corresponds to the degree of relationships 

 and the classification suggested by the analysis in the main part of this thesis. 

 Family Pseudococcidae include the first 21 species and family Eriococcidae species 



