158 TEE ZOOLOGIST. 



faculties in common, near and analogous." Locke gives it as his 

 opinion : " It is as evident that some animals do in certain instances 

 reason as that they have sense." SSchleiden also says ': "It is certain 

 that most animals in their several acts show every outward sign of 

 consciousness, or knowledge of the end of their actions, not like the 

 first and uninformed operation of instinct, which is wholly employed 

 in their self-preservation, or in providing for their young." 



The author also quotes from Archbishop Trench, Butler, John 

 Wesley, Andrew Baxter, and others ; but, in saying " We find human 

 beings (as the inhabitants of the Andaman Islands) actually below 

 some animals in intelligence," he has evidently relied on some old 

 account of these Mincopis, and has not consulted the details of recent 

 anthropology. 



This subject has also recently engaged the attention of Bishop 

 Thornton, Assistant Bishop of Manchester, who has given his views in 

 the course of an address on " Teachings from the Zoo," delivered at 

 the monthly service for men at Blackburn Parish Church. At the 

 request of a representative of the • Daily Telegraph,' Dr. Thornton 

 consented to express himself at greater length. 



"Brutes," he urged, "have not souls in the popular theology, 

 which speaks of the soul as the exclusive endowment of man ; but 

 Scripture uses the very same word for the ' living soul ' of the brute 

 as for that of man, reserving the word ' spirit ' to denote the special 

 endowment of mankind. The soul of man, by which he hopes and 

 fears, rejoices and sorrows, loves and hates, seems shared by him with 

 the lower animals. It is that in his immaterial nature which hangs 

 suspended between the flesh and the spirit, capable of being dominated, 

 as in brutes, by the animal propensities — capable of being linked up 

 with what is spiritual, immortal, and divine. This soul and spirit are 

 not only not identical, but may be in conflict with one another. The 

 writer to the Hebrews speaks of the ' dividing of the soul and spirit, 

 of the joints and marrow.' Yes, the lower animals have souls, and 

 exhibit what may be called moral qualities. They display sympathy, 

 generosity, courage, or cowardice ; they evince pride, jealousy, vindic- 

 tiveness ; they manifest roguery, and what maybe called conscientious- 

 ness. If there be future reward for brutes, some urge, there must be 

 future punishment, which, for some reason, one feels it impossible to 

 believe. Indeed, the individual brute life is not important enough to 

 demand a future to redress its deficiencies. A horse has fulfilled 

 adequately the aim and ideal of his being if he has served the con- 

 venience of man, ministered to his needs and innocent pleasures. That 



