456 THE SENECA NATION 



are numerous. They seem to have adopted eagerly the iron awl 

 and discarded the bone awl, for on all the later sites iron awls 

 are abundent while those of bone have been taken from two 

 graves only at Gandagora and at the DeL,ong farm. European 

 needles have been found on but one site namely at the DeL,ong 

 farm. 



Tobacco was in common use. Pipes have been found on the 

 earliest Seneca sites and they become more and more abundant 

 on the later sites. Ceremonial smoking seems not to have been 

 practiced in early times, at least not in public functions as was 

 the custom in later times. No ceremonial pipe has been found to 

 my knowledge on any site ante-dating 1687, which corresponds 

 in any way to the elaborate "calumets" of the Senecas of Sir 

 William Johnson's time. Yet on all Seneca sites pipes are 

 numerous and in some cases elaborate. 



Four materials were utilized in making pipes, namely wood, 

 bone, stone and clay. Of these clay was most and bone least 

 used. Mr. Kirkpatrick has a small acorn-shpped bone pipe 

 which he found on the site of Totiakto. Two wooden pipes, the 

 fragments of which are preserved by their brass lining, were 

 buried with their owners, one on the Beal farm, the other on the 

 Bunce farm. One has as a decoration a well carved lizard which 

 peers above the bowl and whose body lies along the bowl 

 and stem. 



Stone pipes are comparatively rare. A few came from 

 graves on the Dann farm. One was found in a grave on the 

 Beal farm. 



Clay pipes are numerous, and are well made in a great 

 variety of forms. Many are simple and unornamented save by 

 simple designs in line and dot patterns. Others are elaborately 

 molded in the shape of various figures. The most abundant 

 motifs are animals, the bear being perhaps most numerous. 

 Human effigies are fairly abundant. Bird forms are occasionally 

 found. The snake was used infrequently. 



Many of these pipes seem to have been made by the same 

 persons and this leads to the doubt as to their being of Seneca 

 origin. There is no doubt that all these pipes were formed by 

 hand and not in a mold. There may exist a great similarity 

 between two pipes, yet there are always differences in their form 

 or design to mark them as individual rather than from the same 



