183 
Conclusions. 
1. The shrub sent has been attacked by four distinct examples of 
Longicorn borer 
2. While the four belong probably to the same species— Bizxadus 
sierricola—it cannot be proved that more than one species has not been 
at work. 
3. The attack begins under the bark which is destroyed over large 
patches. 7t is likely that while the attack is going on, these patches 
may be capable of detection by their altered appearance, exhibition of 
— or holes, which emit small quantities of wood-powder. 
e eges may be laid near the ground, or at some PaL - feet at 
least, up the stem. Possibly higher if the trunk is large eno 
5. Owing to the bark pee, the points selected for” cos ise 
caunot be examined in the speci 
6. The larval life is of some aod ag de: duration, several months at 
least, probably over a year. The margins of the eroded patches are 
callused over, mis Hie (in the latter burrows) to be much older 
than the flight-holes 
7. The larve eventually enter the hard wood and may ue up or 
down--if down, they ultimately turn back and bore upwar 
8. Of the ich burrows, two are at least a season older = the other 
pair. The shrub is therefore not killed outright by the first attack, 
though it may be so injured as to be past recovery. 
is not essential that the larva shall bore into the roots. Its 
course is determined by the situation at which the eggs are laid, and by 
the presence of previous burrows. 
10. One of the roots has been gnawed by an insect which I cannot 
satisfy myself to be a Longicorn grub. 
"^ One of the shrubs sent, which I took at first not to be coffee, as it 
was very different in appearance from the one described on page 182, 
has been apparently bored by a Longicorn which is smaller than 
Bixadus. ln this ease the brings are at the upper part of the stem, 
just below the axils ; there is mueh aT injury and loss of bark 
and not much boring in the hard wood. 
I do net think this oe can well be Bivadus because the burrows 
look too small. If no it is some other species, it becomes all the 
more important to ieoi its work, habits, and share of the damage 
from those of Bizadus 
Suggestions for further sinrin and treatment. 
1. It should be placed beyond doubt whether the borer is capable 
of attacking trees hitherto uninjured (to any material extent) by other 
species of insects. Probably leaf-eating species, and scale, blight or 
the like i cae have been detected, and may therefore not be 
expected to 
Root- feeding dii should be looked for; either weevil-grubs or 
chafer-grubs 
Weev m are white and soft, like Longicorn larve, with a large 
horny head, a wrinkled skin and a a plate behind the head. ‘The 
head is not sunk in the next segment, the body is curved from end to 
po towards the Dd end is thickest in the middle. There are 
“no legs. : 
