3S2 THE ZOOLOGIST. 



THE PHAEYNGEAL TEETH OF FISHES. 

 By Colonel C. E. Shepherd (Indian Army). 



(Continued from p. 146.) 

 MULLID.E. 



Mullus barbatus (the Red Mullet). There are fifteen horny 

 gill-rakers on the first cerato-hypobranchial arch, the last three 

 being very minute, and five along its epibranchial ; they all 

 carry teeth. The inside of the first arch, both sides of the second 

 and third arches, and the outer side of the fourth arch bear 

 tubercles, those on the outer sides being much larger than those 

 on the inner sides ; the tubercles have teeth on them. They 

 leave openings between them for water to pass to the gills. The 

 upper pharyngeal teeth on the patch attached to the second 

 epibranchial are cardiform, and markedly more prominent than 

 those attached to the shields on the third and fourth epi- 

 branchials, the teeth on these being concealed in the mucous 

 membrane that surrounds them. The lower pharyngeal teeth 

 have several prominent cardiform teeth on their hinder margin, 

 the teeth in the forward part being embedded in mucous mem- 

 brane. Fig. I., 1. 



Mullus surmuletus (the Surmullet, Couch) has seventeen 

 horny gill-rakers on the first cerato-hypobranchial, with five on 

 the first epibranchial. There are tubercles on the other arches, 

 including the outer side of the fourth arch. The inside of the 

 horny gill-rakers bear teeth, but none could be made out on the 

 tubercles. The teeth on the pharyngeal bone attached to the 

 second epibranchial are cardiform and prominent ; the other 

 teeth in the upper pharyngeals are also cardiform, but more 

 embedded in mucous membrane. The lower pharyngeal teeth 

 are rather more conical than cardiform ; the catch of these is 

 not so pronounced in the backward direction as cardiform teeth 

 would give if a finger were drawn against them. 



TRACHINIP.E. 



Trachinus draco (the Greater Weever), on the outside of the 

 first cerato-hypobranchial has fourteen horny gill-rakers, and 



