PHARYNGEAL TEETH OF FISHES. 



385 



lower pharyngeal teeth are also cardiform ; those along the 

 forward end stand well up. Fig. II., 1. 



Blennius sanguinole?itus, a Mediterranean fish, has six up- 

 standing but feeble-looking gill-rakers on the first cerato-hypo- 

 branchial arch. On the outer sides of the second, third, and 

 fourth arches the gill-rakers look as if made of a fold of skin 

 gathered into a series of pleats, but with a corner standing up. 

 This seems to make a very efficient filter apparatus. The upper 

 pharyngeal teeth consist of two rows of cardiform teeth, with 

 the mucous membrane above them very prominent and soft and 

 overlapping them. 



Fig. II. 

 1. — Blennius ocellaris. 2. — Gobius capito. 



Anarrhichas lupus, called the "Wolf-fish" by Couch, who 

 also gives "Cat-fish" as a name; the fishermen on the East 

 Coast and Billingsgate dealers call it the " Cat-fish," from the 

 resemblance of its head to that of a cat. This fish has fourteen 

 short, thick, horny gill-rakers on the first cerato-hypobranchial 

 arch, that do not come to a point at the extremity but which 

 have two shoulders with a broad point protruding above them. 

 There are four gill-rakers on the first epibranchial. The longest 

 gill-raker on the first arch is only in length about one-fourth of 

 the depth of the gill-lamina below it. The inner side of the 

 first and both of the three other branchial arches, bearing gills, 

 have very short outstanding gill-rakers. None of these gill- 

 rakers are toothed. The upper pharyngeal teeth consist of a 

 row of blunt conical teeth, slightly curved at the points on the 

 head of the second, with a double row on the heads of the third 



