VOCAL £ INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC OF INSECTS. 305 



and a sluggish semiapterous female, is at home on the Hamp- 

 shire heaths, where it enlivens the bare, sunny patches among 

 the scattered furze-bushes with its " thiph-thiph! " I have met 

 with it in Spain in July, in Norway in August, and in Switzer- 

 land in September, where I sometimes heard its joyful music 

 arise after the warm sun had gone down on the Lake of Geneva. 

 Among the boleti-overgrown stumps and amber foliage of the 

 birches on the moor of Rannoch, where the males, and especially 

 the females, were blackened as with charcoal, I have heard its 

 melody as late as Oct. 11th. The Chorthippus albomarginatus has 

 a gayer greenish yellow appearance ; the note of the male, " whir- 

 hewee ! " made by four strokes of the hind legs, is first heard 

 among the meadow-grass at Morges, on the shore of the Lake of 

 Geneva, in June, and when five seconds are gone he sounds out 

 again, often lowering the right leg to listen. When soliciting 

 the favours of his female he executes a harsh and imperative 

 " creech-creech ! " by a skilful movement of both legs, or one 

 only. The Chorthippus dorsatus, larger, with puffed-out cheeks 

 and sienna brown in colour, I have found at the outset of July 

 living happily on the site of Whitlesea Moor, once the paradise 

 of the entomologist (where a man driving cows gave two jumps 

 to show how the water under the sod caused it to undulate), and 

 later on at Ramsgate. In August I have met with it on the 

 sandy soil of Leon, once the capital of Spain. Yersin says the 

 male sounds out " raytzin ! " The Stenobothrus apterus ? or S. 

 brachypterus ? , mottled with sienna and gamboge, I have seen on 

 the ascent above Montreux in September ; like other alpine 

 semiapterous insects, it is no doubt a variety of some species 

 existing or extinct that passed its life in the valleys. A short 

 and efficient musical comb runs along the lower end of the 

 raised edge on the thigh of the male, and the somewhat feeble 

 " ree-ree! " given out by the puffed-out, glassy elytra most ap- 

 proaches the shrill of the crickets, but the performer who is not 

 absolutely sure of producing this admirable note sometimes 

 contents himself with kicking up his hind legs. The males of 

 Stethophyma grossum, slim, hop-brown grasshoppers with yellow 

 and carmine stripes that populate the long grass at the side of 

 swamps in Central and Northern Europe, are said to sound 

 " tze-tze ! " when molested by means of the raised edge on their 



