NOTES FROM MILLPORT BIOLOGICAL STATION. 323 



Cobbler (Coitus scorpius), Saithe (Gadus virens), Lythe (G. pol- 

 lachius), Cod (G. callarius), Ballan Wrasse (Labrus bergylta), 

 Goldsinny {Ctenolabrus rupestris), Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), 

 Dab (P. limanda), Conger Eel (G. niger), and Skate (Raia clavata) 

 have all been seen yawning by Mr. A. Gray (late Curator), Mr. 

 J. Peden (Laboratory Attendant), various visitors, or myself. 



Mr. G. A. Dunlop has observed the same action in Carp 

 (Cyprinus carpio), Roach (Leuciscus rutilus), and Eudd (L. ery- 

 throphthalmus) in aquaria at Warrington Museum. Professor 

 J. Graham Kerr has noticed a similar action in Lepidosiren. 



Among reptiles and amphibians I have no written records, 

 but have a vivid impression of seeing a Lizard and Newts yawn ; 

 I think the Common Frog and Grass Snake also. I seem, too, 

 to have seen a photograph of a yawning Crocodile. 



Mr. Gray keeps a tame Kittiwake which often yawns in the 

 morning, just as fowls when first let out often yawn, stretch, 

 and flap their wings. Mr. C. Kirk tells me Owls yawn, and he 

 has published an excellent photograph of a young Carrion-Crow 

 (Corvus corone) yawning in ' Gowans's Nature Books,' No. 19, 

 p. 23. While working here in August, Mr. Dunlop saw a Lesser 

 Black-backed Gull yawn. 



Dogs, Cats, and their relations in zoological gardens often 

 yawn. I am told that Horses, Cattle, and Goats yawn, although 

 I personally never remember seeing them do so ; I cannot find 

 any records of a rodent yawning. 



Littoral Feeding Habits of some Land-Birds. 

 During last autumn I frequently noticed Starlings feeding 

 between tide-marks, and later, during severe wintry weather, 

 Robins, Blackbirds, and Thrushes as well. The Starlings were 

 generally in small flocks of six or more. During the spells of dry 

 weather this year {e. g. June 1st to 18th, rainfall *06 in.) numbers 

 of Starling families fed regularly between tide-marks. On June 

 10th and subsequent days I watched the young ones being fed. 

 The adults are expert shore-collectors, and catch Gammarus, 

 Idotea, Ligia, Littorina, &c, for the young birds, who sit about 

 the stones, and in turn follow the old bird to be fed ; the 

 favoured individual displaying considerable excitement. Young 

 Jackdaws also frequent the shore, but they go about tips and 



2 c 2 



