422 THE ZOOLOGIST. 



tubercles also along the epibranchial portion of this arch. The 

 second and third arches have, on each side, tubercles bearing 

 teeth ; the fourth has them on the outer side. All these teeth 

 are cardiform. The upper surface of the lower pharyngeal 

 bones have a long, roughly diamond- shaped patch of villiform 

 teeth, with a double row of strong conical-shaped, pointed teeth 

 along the edge nearest the swallow. The lower pharyngeal 

 teeth are seen near the centre of the illustration. The upper 

 phalangeal teeth consist of a long narrow patch at the top of 

 the second epibranchial, two patches on the third epibranchial, 

 and two patches on the fourth epibranchial. These latter four 

 patches look like two on a cursory examination ; it is only by 

 working the bones that the division in them is realized. All are 

 studded with strong cardiform teeth. By counting the teeth on 

 some of the gill-rakers and on the tubercles, and taking an 

 average of the teeth and the number of tubercles, and counting 

 the upper and lower pharyngeal teeth as carefully as possible, a 

 very moderate estimate would give the number of teeth in the 

 inner mouth of this fish as three thousand two hundred. There 

 are probably more. 



Serranus scriba. Plate II., fig. 2. 

 The gullet of this fish is a small-size replica of that of the 

 preceding fish ; the gill-rakers are modelled in the same way. On 

 the outer side the first branchial arch has fourteen gill-rakers from 

 the angle of the cerato- and epi-branchial to the end of its hypo- 

 branchial, and six along the epibranchial. The one at the angle 

 is the longest, and about the same length as the gill just under 

 it; the gill-rakers diminish in length in both directions as they 

 get away from the longest one, till the further ones become flat 

 tubercles. They all bear minute cardiform teeth on the inner 

 face. There are tubercles on the inside of the first arch which 

 bear teeth. The second and third arches inside and outside and 

 the fourth arch on its outside aspect are studded with tubercles 

 bearing small teeth. The upper pharyngeal bones bear villi- 

 form teeth, interspersed with some cardiform teeth. The lower 

 pharyngeals carry villiform teeth, with a V-shaped row of 

 conical upright teeth along the inside edge of the teeth-bearing 

 plate, the apex of the V being towards the tongue. This illus- 



