6 RADIO-ACTIVE SUBSTANCES [CH. 
continuously in darkness. The rays are given out by solutions, 
and by crystals which have been deposited from solutions in the 
dark and never exposed to light. This shows that the radiation 
cannot be due in any way to the gradual emission of energy stored 
up in the crystal in consequence of exposure to a source of light. 
4. The power of giving out penetrating rays thus seems to be 
a specific property of the element uranium, since it is exhibited by 
the metal as well as by all its compounds. These radiations from 
uranium are persistent, and, as far as observations have yet gone, 
are unchanged, either in intensity or character, with lapse of time. 
Observations to test the constancy of the radiations for long 
periods of time have been made by Becquerel. Samples of uranic 
and uranous salts have been kept in a double box of thick lead, 
and the whole has been preserved from exposure to light. By a 
simple arrangement, a photographic plate can be introduced in a 
definite position above the uranium salts, which are covered with a 
layer of black paper. The plate is exposed at intervals for 48 hours, 
and the impression on the plate compared. No _ perceptible 
weakening of the radiation has been observed over a period of 
four years. Mme Curie? has made determinations of the activity of 
uranium over a space of five years by an electric method described 
later, but found no appreciable variation during that period. 
Since the uranium is thus continuously radiating energy from 
itself, without any known source of excitation, the question arises 
whether any known agent is able to affect the rate of its emission. 
No alteration was observed when the body was exposed to ultra-_ 
violet ight or to ultra-red light or to X rays. Becquerel states 
that the double sulphate of uranium and potassium showed a 
slight imerease of action when exposed to the are light and to 
sparks, but he considers that the feeble effect observed was 
another action superimposed on the constant radiation from 
uranium. The intensity of the uranium radiation is not affected by 
a variation of temperature between 200° C. and the temperature of 
liquid air. This question is discussed in more detail later. 
5. In addition to these actions on a photographic plate, 
Becquerel showed that uranium rays, like Réntgen rays, possess the 
1. These présentée a la Faculté des Sciences de Paris, 1903. 
