PHARYNGEAL THETH OF FISHES. 208 
arranged in a triple series. The illustration (Fig. I.) shows a 
gullet on the left; at the right-hand lower corner of the gullet 
is the callous pad belonging to this fish. On the right of the 
illustration is shown the lower pharyngeal teeth of another and 
larger fish. The molariform dentition is very clear; at the 
lower right-hand corner is a spare tooth found in the membranes 
surrounding the teeth. The upper right-hand figure (No. 5) is 
the callous pad against which the teeth bite, its ventral aspect, 
and on its left (No. 4) is shown part of the basi-occipital bone, 
widened out and curved, on which this pad fits. The upper part 
CYPRININA.. 

Fie. II. 
1. Leuciscus cephalus; on left part base of skull, on right its callous pad. 2. 
Catla buchanani; with pad and spare teeth below. 3. Labeo rohita; 
pad above, spare teeth below. 4. Carassius auratus; pad, and one spare 
tooth. 5. Hybrid C. awratus x Cyprinus carpio; and pad. 
of the pharynx is covered with a smooth, thick, mucous mem- 
brane, said to be, by gastronomic epicures, appreciated when 
properly stewed, and spoken of by them as the ‘‘carp’s tongue.” 
The fifth branchial arch that carries the pharyngeal teeth is 
curved, the concave arc being towards the front; it is very 
strong, channel V-shape in its middle portion, and divided up 
by bony diaphragms into a series of cells, combining strength 
with lightness. The food of the Carp is principally vegetable, 
but they occasionally eat worms and insects. 
R2 
