416 THK ZOOLOGIST. 
1872.—Colonel H. W. Feilden. Seen at Videroe and 
Mygganaes. 
1879.—A. Newton, ‘ Encyclopedia Britannica.’ 
1893.—A. Newton, ‘ A Dictionary of Birds.’ 
1894.—Harvie-Brown, MS. Journals. Herr H. C. Miiller, 
MS. to date, given to Harvie-Brown at Thorshavn. 
Before treating of the dispersal in the British Isles,* it seems 
desirable to ask: How far has direct pressure influenced the 
extension southwards to Shetland, the rest of Scotland, and to 
the west coast of Ireland? How far has St. Kilda influenced 
the rest of Scotland and the west coast of Ireland? Or has any 
such influence, exerted by increase of the population in Faroe 
and in St. Kilda (and all subsequent occupancies in Britain), 
been simply merged in one vast movement from the original 
habitation (or habitations?) within and around the Arctic 
Circle? And if such a great pressure outward has taken place, 
whether purely from congested areas or from climatic altera- 
tions and food-supplies and other circumstances favourable 
or unfavourable to the healthy existence of the species—whither 
has the direction of the wave of pressure come—from the north 
and west, or from the north and east, or up from the ocean as 
from west to east ? 
We may not be able to satisfactorily answer questions such 
as these, but at least they may give some interest to future 
inquirers. It does appear known that their way is blocked to 
them east of the Kara Sea by the ice which, off the North 
Asiatic coast, leaves but a narrow lane of open water, and that 
for but a short time—and not always even that—in the short 
Arctic summer. It may, at all events, be conceived that many, 
or most or all, of the suitable haunts in the north-east are con- 
gested by long years of almost unchecked increase, and that only 
by the partially artificial actions of man in his whaling opera- 
tions is their food supply maintained at a ‘‘ living wage ”’ level. 
** A further extension of this paper in so far as it relates to Great Britain 
‘‘has appeared” in ‘The Scottish Naturalist,’ new series, vol. i. (7. e. to date 
of May, 1912, and June, 1912).— Ep. 
