BRITISH ASSOCIATION: ZOOLOGICAL SECTION. 435 
at sympathetic comprehension. We no longer think of ourselves as 
alien from the rest of nature, using our lordship over it for our own 
advantage; we recognise ourselves as part of nature, and by acknow- 
ledging our kinship we are on the surest road to an intelligent 
mastery. But I must mention one name, that of Carl Hagenbeck, of 
Hamburg, to be held in high honour by all zoologists and naturalists, 
although he was not the pioneer, for the open-air treatment and 
rational display of wild animals in captivity were being begun in 
many parts of the world while the Thier-Park at Stellingen was still 
a suburban waste. He has brought a reckless enthusiasm, a vast 
practical knowledge and a sympathetic imagination to bear on the 
treatment of living animals, and it would be equally ungenerous and 
foolish to fail to recognise the widespread and beneficent influence of 
his example. 
However we improve the older menageries, and however numerous 
and well-arranged the new menageries may be, they must always fall 
short of the conditions of nature, and here I find another reason for 
the making of zoological sanctuaries throughout the world. If these 
be devised for the preservation of animals, not merely for the recupera- 
tion of game, if they be kept sacred from gun or rifle, they will become 
the real Zoological Gardens of the future, in which our children and 
our children’s children will have the opportunity of studying wild 
animals under natural conditions. I myself have so great a belief in 
the capacity of wild animals for learning to have confidence in man, 
or rather for losing the fear of him that they have been forced to 
acquire, that I think that man, innocent of the intent to kill, will be 
able to penetrate fearlessly into the sanctuaries, with camera and 
note-book and field-glass. In any event, all that the guardians of the 
future will have to do will be to reverse the conditions of our existing 
menageries, and to provide secure enclosures for the visitors instead 
of for the animals. 
I must end as I began this Address by pleading the urgency of the 
questions I have been submitting to you as an excuse for diverting 
your attention to a branch of zoology which is alien from the ordinary 
avocations of most zoologists, but which none the less is entitled to 
their fullest support. Again let me say to you that I do not wish to 
appeal to sentiment; I am of the old school, and, believing that 
animals are subject and inferior to man, I set no limits to human 
usufruct of the animal kingdom. But we are zoologists here, and 
zoology is the science of the living thing. We must use all avenues to 
knowledge of life, studying the range of form in systematic museums, 
form itself in laboratories, and the living animal in sanctuaries and 
menageries. And we must keep all avenues to knowledge open for 
our successors, aS we cannot guess what questions they may have to 
put to nature. 
