450 THE ZOOLOGIST. 
THE PHARYNGEAL TEETH OF FISHES. 
By Couonzt C. K. SuHepHerpD (Indian Army). 
(Continued from p. 209.) 
Tue Scienide are provided with strong pharyngeal teeth ; 
those of Sciena aquila have been alluded to in the opening article 
of this series.* The illustration given in Gunther’s ‘ The Study 
of Fishes’ shows the formidable array possessed by Pogonias 
chromis. Others will now be dealt with in more detail. 
Scl#NA AMAZONICA.+ 
This fish has eighteen horny gill-rakers on the first cerato- 
hypobranchial arch, the last seven of which are small to rudi- 
mentary; they all carry teeth. The longest one at the angle is 
about the length of the gill lamina below it. There are seven 
on the first epibranchial, also toothed, of which two are rudi- 
mentary. The second, third, and fourth arches have a number 
of tubercle gill-rakers, all bearing a cluster of cardiform teeth. 
The upper pharyngeals consist of an elongated patch of small 
cardiform teeth at the head of the second epibranchial, and 
a smaller patch of similar teeth on the arm of the third epi- 
branchial. The heads of the third and fourth epibranchial each 
carry two bones, the upper one with large cardiform teeth, the 
lower with similar but slightly smaller teeth; this bone also 
stands well away at its lower extremity from the lining mem- 
brane of the mouth. The lower pharyngeals form a broad V on 
the floor of the mouth with small cardiform teeth, except that 
along the margins where the fifth branchial arches meet and at 
the margin next the csophagus there is a row of strong cardi- 
form teeth. 
Corvina nicRA.{ Fig. I. 
In this fish nine horny gill-rakers are found in the first 
cerato-hypobrauchial and seven on the first epibranchial arch. 
* * Zoologist,’ 1910, p. 418. 
}+ From British Guiana and South America. 
| From the Mediterranean. 
