PHARYNGEAL TEETH OF FISHES. 451 
All these are toothed ; they stand on the outer edge of the arch. 
Along the inner edge of the first arch and on both sides of the 
next three arches the gill-rakers are tubercles which are toothed ; 
the tubercles alternate with each other, but are so placed as to 
leave clear spaces between them for the outflow of water to the 
gills. The upper pharyngeal teeth are in three portions on each 
side ; the upper portion is a long narrow slip consisting of pointed 

Fig. I.—CorvVINA NIGRA. Fic. [].—UMBRINA CIRRHOSA. 
teeth along the inner upper edge, with less developed teeth of 
the same kind interspersed over the rest of the slip. The whole 
is surrounded with soft mucous membrane. Below the upper 
slip and on the inner side of it is a patch of granular teeth, not 
very close together but distinct and strong. Below these again 
are two patches with pointed teeth showing through, but which 
are very much embedded in the mucous membrane. The 
granular upper pharyngeal teeth show clearly in the illustra- 
tion. The lower pharyngeal teeth are like the granular looking 
