io D. S. FLETCHER 



extends from Sierra Leone to Ghana, but fails to cross the Dahomey Gap into 

 Nigeria. In the case of Z. regularis sp. n. the break in the lowland rain forest 

 appears to be a barrier between the nominate subspecies which has a range extending 

 from Guinea to Ghana and the population in Nigeria which is subspecifically distinct 

 (Map 2). 



The distribution of a further 28 species fails to extend westwards beyond Came- 

 roun, for example Z. clenchi sp. n. and Z. dilata sp. n. In the case of Z. protrusa 

 Warren the populations east and west of the constriction in the rain forest between 

 the Bamenda-Banso highlands and Mount Cameroun are subspecifically distinct. 



The perlepidata-group includes an example of the effect of both the break in the 

 lowland rain forest at the Dahomey Gap and of its constriction further east. Z. 

 perlepidata Walker extends from Guinea to Ghana and is replaced east of the Daho- 

 mey Gap by Z. terpsichore Oberthur; the latter species is in turn represented by 

 subspecifically distinct populations east and west of the Cameroun constriction 

 (Map 5). 



Five species-groups consisting of nearly 40 species have adapted successfully 

 to the drier conditions of the South African veldt and to the wooded savannah 

 and acacia steppe of the northern subtropics. Z. torrida sp. n. occurs widely in 

 the northern subtropics, from Ahaggar in Southern Algeria and Air in N.W. Niger 

 to Saudi Arabia, extending thence northwards into Israel and Jordan. Z. minimaria 

 Swinhoe extends across the Saharo-Sindian desert from Ahaggar and Air to Pakistan 

 (Map 1). 



Species in the /<?ssa-group and the bathyscaphes-group from Katanga, Zambia 

 and Rhodesia are probably associated with the leguminous Brachystegia and Colo- 

 phospermum woodlands. 



Seven species of Zamarada are known from the islands in the Gulf of Guinea. 

 Six species occur on Fernando Po, the island nearest to the mainland; all are lowland 

 forest species and appear to be indistinguishable from their respective mainland 

 populations. Only the endemic Z. principis Herbulot is known from Principe 

 Island and no Zamarada species is yet known from the two outermost islands, 

 Sao Tome and Annobon. 



Six species of Zamarada are known from Madagascar. Z. viettei sp. n. is 

 an endemic species apparently unrelated to any continental species-group. Two 

 species included in the excavata-gvoup occur on the island; Z. oxybeles sp. n., an 

 endemic species, and an endemic subspecies of Z. excavata Bethune-Baker. Z. 

 calypso Prout occurs also in Eastern Kenya and in N.E. Ethiopia (Diredawa); 

 the continental and the island populations of this species appear to be indistin- 

 guishable. In addition to these four forest/woodland species, there are two endemic 

 species of the minimaria-group from the dry south-west of the island, Z. aureo- 

 marginata Pagenstecher and Z. griveaudi sp. n. The varying degree of differentiation 

 between the Madagascan species and those of continental Africa, ranging from the 

 endemic isolate, Z. viettei sp. n., to the subspecifically distinct excavata suggest 

 that the present population of Zamarada results from a number of separate arrivals 

 from continental Africa. There is no evidence to show where Z. calypso Prout 

 originated. 



