D. S. FLETCHER 





Hydatocapnia Warren (1895 : 143), represented in the Oriental region from N. 

 India to Java and Celebes, has venation similar to that of Zamarada; the wings 

 are fully scaled, a fovea is present on the fore wing in the male and the antennae 

 of both sexes are ciliate. Coremata are present on the valves in the male genitalia. 



Heterostegane Hampson (1893 : 142) (=Liposchema Warren, 1914 : 494), the 

 most widely distributed of those genera closely related to Zamarada, occurs through- 

 out the Oriental region, extending south-eastwards to Celebes; it occurs also both 

 in the eastern and western parts of the Palaearctic region and throughout the 

 Ethiopian region. In venation and in the absence of a fovea on the fore wing of 

 the male, the included species are similar to Zamarada, but the wings are fully 

 scaled and the antennae of both sexes are ciliate. In the male genitalia the aedeagus 

 is firmly attached by a strongly sclerotized strap-like process to a well developed 

 furca; in the female genitalia the ovipositor lobes are broad and densely setose. 



Chrostobapta Warren (1907 : 164) is similar in external appearance and structure 

 to Heterostegane, differing in modifications of the genitalia of both sexes. The 

 genus is represented in Java, Bali, Larat Island, Kei Islands and New Guinea; 

 gaps in the distribution probably reflect gaps in collecting. 



The Ethiopian genus Xenostega Warren (1899 : 301), superficially similar to 

 Heterostegane, differs from that genus and from Zamarada in the proximity of 

 vein M 2 to M 1 on the fore wing and in the presence of a fovea in the male. The 

 antennae of both sexes are bipectinate, but the wings are fully scaled. 



The other purely Ethiopian genera, Pycnostega Warren (1905 : 393) and Cacosteg- 

 ania Warren (1901 : 211), appear to have affinities with Zamarada. Pycnostega 

 has venation similar to that of Zamarada and has well-developed coremata on the 

 valves in the male genitalia. The wings are, however, fully scaled and a fovea 

 is present in the male. The male antennae are bipectinate, those of the female 

 ciliate. 



Cacostegania has fully scaled wings and differs from Zamarada in venation; R x 

 in the fore wing anastomoses first with vein C and then briefly with R 2 , forming 

 a slender areole. The male is without a fovea. In the male genitalia the aedeagus 

 is attached by a sclerotized strap-like process to the juxta; the coremata on the 

 valves are weakly developed. The antennae of the male are bipectinate, those of 

 the female ciliate. 



The neotropical Zamaradopsis tenera Warren (1907a : 271) resembles species 

 in the Old World Zamarada in having the proximal three-fourths of each wing 

 hyaline and the terminal fourth fully scaled and patterned, but is structurally remote 

 from them. 



Distribution. The genus Zamarada occurs throughout the Ethiopian region 

 and is represented by two species in the Palaearctic region and by nine species 

 in the Indian and Malayan subregions of the Oriental region. Ethiopian Zamarada 

 extend over the whole of continental Africa south of the Sahara, to the islands in 

 the Gulf of Guinea, to Madagascar and to the Comoro Islands; they extend northwards 

 along the Nile Valley into Egypt, along the eastern side of the Red Sea from Yemen, 

 through western Arabia to Israel and Jordan, thence eastwards through Iran to 

 West Pakistan. 



