REVISION OF GENUS ZAMARADA 7 



Affinities. Zamarada is one of several structurally similar Old World genera 

 in which there is a long, slender process arising free from the base of the dorsal 

 margin of the valve. 



Peratophyga Warren (1894 : 407), as currently composed, includes in addition 

 to the typical species-group, two species, xanthyala (Hampson) (1896 : 553) from 

 India and Malaya and oblectata Prout (1929 : 48) from Ceram, which resemble 

 Zamarada in their wing pattern, the proximal two-thirds of each wing being hyaline 

 and the distal third fully scaled and patterned. Both typical Peratophyga and 

 the species P. xanthyala and P. oblectata may be distinguished from Zamarada 

 by their venation, by the presence of a fovea on the fore wing of the male and by 

 the antennal structure. In the fore wing all radial veins are present, veins R 2 — -R 4 

 are on a common stalk arising from the radius before the upper angle of the cell 

 and R 5 -\- M t are long-stalked from the upper angle; the female antennae are 

 ciliate. In typical Peratophyga the wings are fully scaled and the male antennae 

 are also ciliate. 



The two species xanthyala and oblectata and two undescribed species from Sarawak, 

 Labuan, Bangkwa Island and Celebes probably need a separate genus, differing 

 from the type-species of Peratophyga (Idaea hyalinata Kollar, 1844 : 491) and other 

 species included in the genus in wing pattern and antennal structure and in modifica- 

 tions of both male and female genitalia. The wing pattern and male antennae 

 resemble those of Zamarada, but the hind wing is angled at vein M 3 . 



The Palaearctic Stegania Guenee (1845 : 270) (=Lomographa sensu auct.) and 

 Ninodes Warren (1894 : 407) each have venation similar to that of Zamarada, 

 but in both genera a fovea is present on the fore wing in the male and the wings 

 are fully scaled. In Stegania the male antennae are pectinate; the female antennae 

 of Stegania and the antennae of both sexes of Ninodes are ciliate. 



Euctenostega Prout (1916a : 38), a monotypic genus from Sarawak, differs from 

 Zamarada in venation and in having fully scaled wings; the antennae of both sexes 

 are bipectinate. In the venation, which is similar to that of Peratophyga, all 

 radial veins are present, veins R 2 — i? 4 are on a common stalk arising from three- 

 fourths radius and R 5 + M 1 arise from a point at the upper angle of the cell. 



Cassyma Guenee (1857a : 17), Ingena Walker (1863 : 1571) and Chrostobapta 

 sensu Warren (1909a : 127), represented throughout the Oriental region and extend- 

 ing into the Palaearctic region in Japan, share with Zamarada a similar venation 

 and the absence of a fovea on the fore wing of the male. The wings are fully scaled, 

 however, and the antennae of both sexes are ciliate. In the male genitalia of each type- 

 species a pair of strongly sclerotized processes (furca of Pierce, 1914) extends between 

 the valves from base almost to uncus; the coremata on the valves are well developed. 



The monotypic Oriental genus Pristostegania Warren (1897 : 81) has fully scaled 

 wings and differs from Zamarada in venation. On the fore wing, vein M x is from 

 the upper angle of the cell and vein M 2 arises from nearer to M x than to M 3 ; a 

 fovea is present in the male. The antennae of both sexes are ciliate. 



Deuterostegane Wehrli (1939 : 294), a monotypic genus represented in S. China, 

 has fully scaled wings and venation similar to that of Zamarada; the antennae of 

 both sexes are ciliate. 



