TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 155 



specimen was designated as the type by the original author from a series of speci- 

 mens; it has also been cited as holotype if it is the only type-specimen known to 

 exist and there is no evidence (from any source) that more than one specimen was 

 in the type-series (in accordance with the principles denned elsewhere, Crosskey, 

 1974 : 272-275). If lectotypes or neotypes have been previously designated the 

 references are given to the place of designation. Previous valid restrictions of 

 a specific name to a single type-specimen from a multiple type-series have been 

 referred to as 'fixations' if they were made at a time prior to the use of the word 

 lectotype, e.g. 'Lectotype $ (by fixation of Townsend, 19396 : 260)'. Several new 

 lectotype designations are made in this work, and these are marked 'by present 

 designation' in the catalogue. The expression 'Type(s)' is used for the few cases 

 in which the type-material is lost or missing and it is not known from the original 

 or later publications how many specimens formed the original series. 



(2) Sex of type. When the actual sex of the primary type is the opposite of that 

 cited in the original description the true sex is given first and the cited sex after 

 it, in the following manner: 'Holotype $ [not $]'. Such cases are infrequent but 

 occur particularly with Walker's nominal species (as he was notoriously unable 

 to sex Tachinidae). If the primary type-material consists of syntypes because 

 no lectotype has been, or is herein, designated then both sexes are cited if present 

 in the syntypic series. No sex is cited at all in the very few instances in which 

 no type-material has been found and there is no evidence of sex derivable from the 

 original description, e.g. Tachina umbrosa Walker. 



(3) Type-locality. In the citations of type-localities the larger territorial units 

 are cited before smaller ones, the main unit (country) being shown in capital letters. 

 If the true provenance of the type differs from that cited in the original description 

 then the true provenance is cited first and is followed by appropriate annotation 

 in brackets. Discrepancies between the published primary type data and the 

 actual data are suitably annotated if their importance warrants it. Old geographical 

 names in the type data have been correlated where necessary with modern geographi- 

 cal names. 



Special mention must be made of the type-localities 'Zi-ka-wei' and 'Kou-ling' 

 applying to several species described by Mesnil. Sometimes Mesnil has cited each 

 locality as being in China, but in other instances has described each locality as near 

 Hanoi (North Vietnam). All these cases relate to specimens collected by Herve- 

 Bazin. Monsieur L. Matile, of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, 

 where Herve-Bazin's collections and manuscripts are housed, informs me (in litt.) 

 that both Kou-ling and Zi-ka-wei (alternatively 'Zikawei') are near Shanghai in 

 China and that Herve-Bazin always located them here in his own works. Statements 

 in Mesnil's works that these two localities are near Hanoi are in error, and Dr 

 Mesnil (pers. comm.) agrees that they are mistaken. Both places have been cited 

 in the catalogue as 'near Shanghai'. 



(4) Type-depository and location. These are shown in parentheses immediately 

 after the type-locality, with the abbreviation for the depository museum given 

 first and followed by the city. If primary types are lost or have not been located 



