PHARYNGEAL TEETH OF FISHEB. 103 



place, which is behind the epibranchials. As seen in the 

 illustration, it looks like a piece of shelled walnut, at the upper 

 right-hand corner. 



Anabantidje. 



Anabas scandens, the " Climbing Perch " of India, is another 

 fish provided with accessory branchial apparatus enabling it to 

 live a long time out of water, breathing atmospheric air direct. 

 At the angle of the first branchial arch, and from thence along 

 the cerato-branchial, there is a broad piece of cartilage that 

 engages against a similar piece of cartilage on the first epi- 

 branchial. Beyond the cartilage on the first arch there are 

 eight gill-rakers, the first three or four being of fair size, the 

 remainder very small. On the other arches the gill-rakers are 

 all small and tubercular. The upper pharyngeal teeth are strong 

 cardiform teeth in two circular groups. The lining membrane 

 of the mouth above the upper pharyngeal teeth has prominent 

 papillae. The lower pharyngeal teeth show as one broad patch 

 across the floor of the mouth, with round-topped teeth deeply 

 embedded in mucous membrane. 



Mackurid^:. 



Macrurus armatus, a deep-sea fish, has nine upstanding 

 tubercle-like gill-rakers on the first cerato-hypobranchial arch ; 

 these all carry teeth standing well out on the summits of the 

 tubercles. The longest of these tubercles is about three-fourths 

 of the depth of the gill-laminEe below it. The above gill-rakers 

 are on the upper surface of the cerato-hypobranchial ; there are 

 five smaller tubercles, that also carry teeth, on the outer 

 surface, but none on the inner. The second and third arches 

 have toothed tubercle gill-rakers on each side ; the fourth arch 

 has them on the outside only. The teeth in the tubercles vary in 

 number from four to eight or ten. The upper pharyngeal teeth 

 consist of a little group on the limb of the third epibranchial, of 

 cardiform teeth, and two circular groups on the heads of the third 

 and fourth epibranchials. The lower teeth in these groups are much 

 stronger than those in the upper portion of the group. The lower 

 pharyngeal teeth are in two triangular-shaped portions touching 

 one another along one side so as to form a broad V in the mouth. 



Macrurus investigatoris, a deep-sea fish from the Indian 



