PHARYNGEAL TEETH OF FISHES.. 105 



third, and on the outside of the fourth arch there are short 

 horny gill-rakers. They do not form a close filter. The upper 

 pharyngeal teeth consist of a short thin line of cardiform teeth 

 on the head of the second epibranchial. A long group of 

 cardiform teeth is fixed to the heads of the third and fourth 

 epibranchials, which terminates upwards in a point at the level 

 of the head of the second epibranchial, and with its lower part 

 swollen out ; also a thin line of similar teeth on the limb of the 

 third epibranchial. The lower pharyngeal teeth are in two 

 narrow, elongated groups with a marked division between them. 



Centrarchid^e. 

 Kuhlia marginata, a fish from New Guinea, has eighteen long 

 horny gill-rakers on the first cerato-hypobranchial. They have 

 teeth. The longest is one and a half times the depth of the gill- 

 laminae below it. There are sis on the epibranchial. The other 

 arches have short outstanding gill-rakers on both sides, as has 

 the inner side of the first arch. They make a good filter. The 

 upper pharyngeal teeth are in two groups ; one on the head of 

 the second epibranchial, the other on the heads of the third and 

 fourth. They have small cardiform teeth, the points of which 

 just show through the mucous membrane surrounding them. 

 The lower pharyngeal teeth are smaller. 



Toxotid^. 

 Toxotes jaculator is a fish from India that has the curious 

 habit of shooting a pellet of water at flies sitting on grass or 

 weed stems overhanging water, and knocking them into the 

 water to be then eaten. The natives of Bengal keep this fish in 

 captivity to watch this curious performance. It has five long 

 horny gill-rakers on the cerato-hypo of the first branchial arch ; 

 these are rather widely spread out. There was one soft gill-raker 

 on the first epibranchial's right side, whilst the left side had two. 

 There are no other gill-rakers. The upper pharyngeal teeth con- 

 sist of a long, fairly large group of minute cardiform teeth on the 

 head of the second epibranchials, and a larger group of similar 

 but stronger teeth on the heads of the third and fourth epi- 

 branchials. The lower pharyngeal teeth are on two separate long 

 plates with strong cardiform teeth on the inside edge near the 

 oesophagus, those more forward being smaller. 



(To be continued.) 



