THE ZOOLOGIST. 



THE PHAEYNGEAL TEETH OF FISHES. 

 By Colonel C. E. Shepherd (Indian Army). 



(Continued from p. 105.) 

 NANDIDiE. 



Nandus marmoratus, an Indian fish, has eight tubercle gill- 

 rakers on the outer edge of the first cerato-hypobranchial, the 

 eighth one from the angle being long in shape, equalling three 

 of the others in length. The inner side of this arch has seven 

 independent little gill-rakers. There are four on the outer side 

 of the first epibranchial. The outer and inner sides of the 

 second and third arches and the outer side of the fourth arch 

 have similar gill-rakers, but rather smaller than those of the first 

 arch. All these gill-rakers carry very minute but palpable teeth. 

 There is a group of cardiform teeth at the junction of the second 

 arch with the basibranchials. The upper pharyngeal teeth are 

 in two groups on each side. They are well-defined cardiform 

 teeth. The lower pharyngeal teeth are on two long plates and 

 are smaller cardiform teeth than the upper. 



Percid^. 



Percafluviatilis (the Perch) has twelve horny gill-rakers on the 

 cerato-hypobranchial of the first arch, with three rudimentary 

 ones at the end, and three rudimentary ones on the first 

 epibranchial. The gill-rakers of the other arches are tubercles. 

 The horny gill-rakers bear teeth; the length of the longest of the 

 gill-rakers is about equal to the depth of the gill-laminse below it. 

 The upper pharyngeal teeth show as three distinct groups on the 

 heads of the second, third, and fourth epibranchials of minute 

 teeth. The lower pharyngeal teeth are on two long plates of even 

 more minute teeth. 



Acerina cernua (the Pope, Buff, or Jack Buff) has eight small 

 tubercle gill-rakers on the cerato-hypobranchial of the first arch, 

 with one on its epibranchial. The other arches have similar 

 tubercles each side that fit into each other, forming a good filter 

 apparatus. The upper pharyngeal teeth show as in three groups 

 of minute teeth each side. The lower pharyngeal teeth are in a 

 V-shaped group of minute cardiform teeth. 



