510 COMPOSITAE 
1. oe dene marianum (L.) Gaertn. Milk Thistle. Fig. 5896. 
rduus marianus L, Sp. Pl. 823. 1753. 
Silybum marianum — Fruct. 2: 378.. 1791. 
p e le 
road, clasping, shortly ge ab base, shallowly or deéply lobed, apinogl iiectare 
most leaves much reduced with strongly spiny basal lobes and attenuate tip 
appen i en enuat id 
tipped, equa ey or a little longer than the owers, the inner phyllaries peace coriaceous, bearin 
a reduced appendage or narrowe pod. an acute Resim a : rs numerous, purplish, rarely 
ong, tely 
and dotted with buff an nd dark bro n; pa ppus- briatige ivory-white, a little unequal, 1-2 cm. long, 
the outer setiform, the inner hesated and a little paleaceous, the top of the pappus-ring bearing 
fine erect hairs to 2 mm. | i 
Occasional in waste grou d along roads west_of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon; 
a common and wide pptiad: ees Y B eee euewbions in gia — of the Sierra Nevada; Vancouver Island; 
occasional east to the Atlantic; South America; Australia. Native of the Mediterranean region. ‘Apri: Aug 
139. ONOPORDUM [Vaill.] L. Sp. Pl. 827. 1753. 
Tall herbs with erect stems and alternate, simple, spiny leaves, the cauline leaves de- 
current and the stems conspicuously spiny-winge . Heads homogamous, large, mostly soli- 
tary at the ends of the branches. Involucre broad, the phyllaries numerous in many series, 
entire, narrowed into a stiff spine. Receptacle fleshy, not setose, alveolate, the pits mem- 
branous-bordered. Ach me compressed, pubescent, transversely rugulose, hilum 
basal. Pappus setose, the bristles slender, scab ous, in sever series, united at the base 
into a low ring, the whole deciduous. [Name from me Greek, meaning donkey flatulence, 
the plants believed to cause a flatulent state in don 
bout 20 species, native in Europe, Asia, and northern rem Type species, Onopordum acanthium L. 
Onopordum acanthium L. Scotch Thistle. Fig. 5897. 
Onopordum acanthinm L. Sp. Pl. 827. 1753. 
Plants biennial, sometimes short and slender in depauperate specimens but Ae rgiatt very 
port sd 2 m, tall or more, openly, fastigiately and virgately branched, greenish or canescent 
ith a close arachnoid tom entum ; stems broadly winged by the secorvert leaf-bases, ray wings 
i i Lowest | 
achenes narrowly obovate, 5-6 mm. somewhat essed, transversely rugulose, m 
less pubescent especially below the m ‘dae. brownish Fite pale ‘below, almost black at the top ; 
pappus of numerous slender bristles, about 8 mm. lon 
Fields and roadsides, becoming commen in the cue . aes beg souerect® Washington to cen tral 
and eastern Oregon, and Modoc, Passe, and Lake Bs ig: mas Californ western Idaho and Nanaimo, British 
Columbia; widespread in the United States, Native pe and is oe ka gre ept. 
140. CAETHAMYS een L. Sp. Pl. 830. 1753. 
Ann ial, 
sinielte spinescent or spiny leaves. Heads medium to larg: e, homogamous, many-flower 
solitary at the ends of leafy branches. Phyllaries fee se} 32, in many series, the outer and 
middle foliaceous with a spreading, spi ny, coriaceous blade, the inner phyllaries seg and 
spine-tipped or bearing a denticulate or pinnately parted, spinose appendage. Receptacle 
coarsely setose. Achenes turgidly setae hilum obliquely lateral. Pappus none or 
the paleaceous bristles numerous in many series, unequal, free, persistent, setulose, occa- 
nt rudimentary. [Name probably derived from the Arabic name for the safflower 
ant. 
i. A Bers: of about 20 species occurring chiefly in the Mediterranean region. Type species, Carthamus tinc- 
orius 
