ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 7 
Tt is not many years since England was the workshop of the 
world ; and Germany, like some other nations, looked on, wishing 
to share the profits, but unable to do so. Her rulers wisely 
thought that the reason was a want of education in the physical 
sciences, and they made her schools of chemistry the best in 
Europe. Students flocked there—even from other countries— 
and they came away full of the spirit of research, and ennobled by 
daily contact with her renowned professors. "What is the result ? 
Forty years since, industry in the arts could scarcely be said to 
exist in Germany. Now England has lost one of her best 
eustomers and found a rival instead ; and not to mention other 
articles, in the newest European industry, that of the manu- 
facture of dyes. Germany, last year, made more than all the 
rest of Europe, England and France included. 
So much for the culture of science, and it affords a lesson which 
England has not been slow to profit by, for she is now devoting 
money freely to science culture. And if we are to keep pace with 
the world we must do likewise. As one of a gee men of the 
dayhas recently said—“ There can be no doubt 
be looked upon as a means of culture or asa means of commercial 
progress, it is both our duty and our interest to promote it.” 
Turning now to the scientific progress made during the year, I 
feel that it is hopeless to try to condense within the limits of this 
address what would fill a goodly volume; and the field is so large 
that I fear even to enter itlest I should not get out before your 
patience was exhausted, especially as we have another important 
paper to read to-night. I will therefore try and select only a 
few facts from the great multitude. 
In spectrum analysis no great discovery has been made, but 
much has been —? in ~ — ee Messrs. Roseoe 
oe 5 iy | 4 "gs ; Lk a sult: bands 
of potassium and sodium, aplis with Lockyer’s work on the 
varying absorptive powers of metallic and metalloidal vapours 
under different temperatures, and especially with regard to 
calcium, which gives two distinct spectra—are most valuable 
contributions to science. 
