12 P. A. ØYEN [No. 5 



But, on following the steep sections of clay- and sand-layers laid 

 open along the river-side the examination of these strata makes 

 it quite probable that just the clay-layers of the Pholas-niveau 

 are underlying the sand-layers of division I of the section above 

 described in detail. This is also evidenced from the great afflux 

 of water just in these sand-layers. What is, however, especially 

 apt to attract our attention in the above section is the second 

 division II that proved to be rich fossil-bearing. And, it is highly 

 interesting that there is at the same time such a coincidence and 

 difference in the evidence of climate as indicated by the fauna 

 and flora represented in the fossils that we may be justified in 

 suggesting a rather warm but at the same time continental cli- 

 mate to have been prevailing during the deposition of the fossil- 

 bearing layer. This deposition, however, did not take place 

 under quite uniform climatic conditions as is clearly evidenced 

 not only in the periodical alternation of the singular thin layers 

 of sand and clay but also in the periodical change of whole 

 groups as is clearly demonstrated when passing through the 

 complete series: — I. Sand, II. Clay, III. Sand, and IV. Clay. 

 The facts of the disclosing periodicity of the stratigraphical record 

 give us at hand a complicate "dichotomy" as the governing 

 principle in the oscillation of climate. We are not on this occa- 

 sion, however, to enter into the intricate question as to the 

 length and amplitude of these oscillations. This complicated 

 question must be treated from a broader view than only sup- 

 ported by a single section. 



The fifth layer of the above section constitutes a littoral 

 deposit of sand and gravel or rather a sub-littoral one as no 

 traces of superficial destruction have been observed. This layer 

 has, however, as already above mentioned, been exposed to 

 disturbances caused from the sliding of the overlying clay (VI). 

 This clay belongs to an older or lower division of the strati- 

 graphical series as is indicated by the presence of such organic 

 remains as Portlandia lenticula and Bryas octopelata. And 

 we may, moreover, be quite justified in assuming such fossil 



