70 THE ZOOLOGIST. 



pharyngeal teeth are on two long, narrow plates set as a narrow, 

 but irregular V, the right side limb being about twice as broad as 

 the left side ; the teeth are cardiform with a stouter row on each 

 inner margin. The gullet was full of food which had evidentl} 7 

 been masticated and torn up ; it was matted on the gill-rakers, 

 especially in the back part of the gullet on the left side. The food 

 of the Turbot consists of other fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. 



Hippoglossus vulgaris (the Halibut) has seven thick, long, 

 upstanding gill-rakers on the first branchial arch on the cerato- 

 hypo portion which bear prominent cardiform teeth at their 

 upper half. The longest gill-raker is a trifle more in length than 

 the depth of the gill-laminse below it. There are shorter but 

 similar teeth on the gill-rakers of the second arch. On the third 

 and fourth arches the gill-rakers are tubercles which also bear 

 teeth. There are no gill-rakers on the epibranchials. The upper 

 pharyngeal teeth consist of a small group on the limb of the 

 second epibranchial, just under the head, of six teeth in a single 

 row, and on the head itself a line of seven teeth, on the head of 

 the third epibranchial a group of eight teeth, six in a lower row 

 and two above, and one group of eight teeth on the head of the 

 fourth epibranchial ; these are all strong cardiform teeth. The 

 lower pharyngeal teeth are two rows of single cardiform teeth 

 converging to form a V of elongated shape ; there are a few 

 smaller cardiform teeth at the apex of the V on the outer side. 

 The gill-rakers stand apart and the filter formed is not a good one; 

 there are no gill-rakers on the inner sides of any of the arches. 



Hippoglossoides limandoides (the Long Bough Dab). On the 

 first branchial arch in its cerato-hypo portion has eight horny 

 gill-rakers standing rather far apart from each other ; they are 

 not toothed. The second and third arches also carry horny 

 gill-rakers on their outer sides; the insides are smooth. The 

 fourth arch has small tubercle gill-rakers both sides. The upper 

 pharyngeal teeth are strong cardiform ones. The lower pharyn- 

 geal teeth are in a row on the edges of the lower pharyngeal 

 bones and not carried over any kind of surface (fig. II. 1). 



Solea vulgaris (the Sole) has no gill-rakers ; there are a 

 few minute papillae, some six on the first cerato-hypobranchial, 

 with two rather larger ones on the first epibranchial. There 

 were four papillae on the second arch, and five on the third arch 



