Photograph by Edith P. Kingman 



BOTH ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL RUINS COVER THE SUMMIT KNOWN AS 



THE CASTIGEIONE 



Important excavations unearthed walls, pavements, and bas-reliefs of rare archaeological 

 value. A few years later the thrifty peasants covered the ruins with soil and planted vines 

 over the spot where once stood the palace of an emperor. 



pirates. There was certainly the matter 

 of pirates to be considered. They have 

 always been a pest of the Mediterranean. 

 At the time of Pompey's celebrated cam- 

 paign against the Mediterranean pirates, 

 6y B. C, they were well organized and 

 intrenched ; they had naval stations and 

 beacon towers in various places. Cen- 

 turies later the English actually did seize 

 Capri, in 1806, and called it the "Little 

 Gibraltar." They might have held it, 

 perhaps, to this day but for the ill luck 

 and incompetence of Colonel Hudson 

 Lowe, later Napoleon's jailer at St. 

 Helena. 



The ruin of the Capri Pharos, the 

 ancient lighthouse, so close to the largest 

 of the ruined palaces on Capri, is a para- 

 mount point in the archaeology of the 

 island. The selection of Capri by Au- 

 gustus was most likely biased to a con- 

 siderable degree by the fact that it was 

 ideally situated for the Pharos. This 

 was one of the most important light- 

 houses of antiquity. 



The limit of this article does not per- 

 mit of any elaborate disquisition on 



Roman lighthouses, but enough informa- 

 tion exists regarding them to show that 

 they were permanent, costly structures 

 and abundant, too, not merely in Italy, 

 but also in Gaul and Britain. 



PHAROS, ONE OF THE SEVEN WONDERS 



The name Pharos comes from the 

 enormous structure at Alexandria, built 

 in B. C. 285, one of the seven wonders 

 of the ancient world, and which stood 

 until the thirteenth century. This light- 

 house was very high, owing to the low 

 coast; but the practical Romans, wher- 

 ever possible, placed their beacons on 

 commanding headlands and made them 

 relatively short and massive. One of 

 them, Tour d'Ordre. at Boulogne, on the 

 French coast, is illustrated in an old 

 print. Tt stood until the middle of the 

 seventeenth century. This was probably 

 typical — a strong masonry tower with a 

 fire that was kept burning at the top. 



As to details of design, the views that 

 have come down to us, on medals, coins, 

 reliefs, and Pompeian wall paintings, 

 show a 2Teat variety of elevations. 



219 



