NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 



GEOGRAPHIC ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS 

 SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. 



JOHN E. PILLSBURY, President GILBERT GROSVENOR, Director 



HENRY WHITE, Vice-President JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Vice-Director 



O. P. AUSTIN, Secretary GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, Associate Secretary 



JOHN JOY EDSON, Treasurer 



EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 

 GILBERT GROSVENOR, editor and director 



JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Associate Editor and Vice-Director 

 WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER RALPH A. GRAVES FRANKLIN L. FISHER 



Assistant Editor 



Assistant Editor 

 JESSIE L> BURRALL 

 Chief of School Service 



Chief of Illustrations Division 



1917-1919 



ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 

 Inventor of the telephone 



J. HOWARD GORE 



Prof. Emeritus Mathematics, The 

 George Washington University 



A. W. GREEDY 



Arctic Explorer, Major General 

 U. S. Army 



GILBERT GROSVENOR 



Editor of National Geographic 

 Magazine 



ROBERT E. PEARY 



Discoverer of the North Pole, 

 Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy 



GEORGE OTIS SMITH 



Director of U. S. Geological Sur- 

 vey 



O. II. TITTMANN 



Formerly Superintendent of U. S. 

 Coast and Geodetic Survey 



HENRY WHITE 



Member American Peace Com- 

 mission, and Recently U. S. 

 Ambassador to France, Italy, 

 etc. 



BOARD OF MANAGERS 



1918-1920 



CHARLES J. BELL 



President American Security and 

 Trust Company 



JOHN JOY EDSON 



Chairman of the Board, Wash- 

 ington Loan & Trust Company 



DAVID FAIRCHILD 



In Charge of Agricultural Explo- 

 rations, U. S. Department of 

 Agriculture 



C. HART MERRIAM 



Member National Academy of 

 Sciences 



O. P. AUSTIN 



Statistician 

 GEORGE R. PUTNAM 



Commissioner U. S. Bureau of 

 Lighthouses ' 



GEORGE SHIRAS, 3 ° 



Formerly Member U. S. Con- 

 gress, Faunal Naturalist, and 

 Wild-Game Photographer 



GRANT SQUIRES 



Military Intelligence Division, 

 General Staff, New York 



1919-1921 

 WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT 

 Ex-President of the United States 



FRANKLIN K. DANE 



Secretary of the Interior 



C. M. CHESTER 



Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- 

 merly Supt. U. S. Naval Ob- 

 servatory 



FREDERICK V. COVILDE 

 Botanist, U. S. Department of 

 Agriculture 



RUDODPH KAUFFMANN 



Managing Editor The Evening 

 Star 



T. D. MACDONALD 

 M. D., F. A. C. S. 



S. N. D. NORTH 



Formerly Director U. S. Bureau 

 of Census 



JOHN E. PIDDSBURY 



Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- 

 merly Chief Bureau of Navi- 

 gation 



ORGANIZED FOR "THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE" 



To carry out the purpose for which it was founded thirty-one years ago, the National Geographic Society 

 publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended 

 directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs from members 

 of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Magazine can use, generous remuneration 

 is made. Contributions" should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be ad- 

 dressed: Editor, National Geographic Magazine, i6th and M Streets, Washington, D. C. 



Important contributions to geographic science are constantly being made through expeditions financed by 

 funds set aside from the Society's income. For example, immediately after the terrific eruption of the world's 

 largest crater, Mt. Katmai, in Alaska, a National Geographic Society expedition was sent to make observa- 

 <i this remarkable phenomenon. So important was the completion of this work considered that four 

 expeditions have followed and the extraordinary scientific data resultant given to the world. In this vicinity 

 an eighth wonder of the world was discovered and explored — "The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes," a vast 

 steaming, spouting fissures, evidently formed by nature as a huge safety-valve for erupting Katmai. 

 By proclamation of the President of the United States, this area has been created a National Monument. The 

 Society organized and supported a large party, which made a three-year study of Alaskan glacial fields, the 

 most remarkable in existence. At an expense of over $50,000 it has sent a notable series of expeditions into 

 Peru to investigate the traces of the Inca race. The discoveries of these expeditions form a large share of 

 the world's knowledge of a civilization which was waning when Pizarro first set foot in Peru. Trained geol- 

 ogists were sent to Mt. Pelee, La Soufriere, and Messina following the eruptions and earthquakes. The 

 Society also had the honor of subscribing a substantial sum to the historic expedition of Admiral Peary, who 

 discovered the North Pole April 6, 1009. Not long ago the Society granted $20,000 to the Federal Government 

 when the congressional appropriation for the purchase was insufficient, and the finest of the giant sequoia 

 trees of California were thereby saved for the American people and incorporated into a National Park. 



Copyright, 1 9 19, by National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. All rights reserved. 

 Entered at the Post-Office at Washington, D. C, as Second-Class Mail Matter. 

 Acceptance for mailing at f special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of 

 3, 1917. authorized July 1, 1918. 



October 



