THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 



503 



the Chippewas, in northern Minnesota, in Oc- 

 tober, 1898. On the obverse is a mounted 

 Indian. The reverse shows an eagle on a 

 trophy of arms and flags, above the words 

 "For service." The inscription "United States 

 Army" appears around the upper half, with 

 thirteen stars round the lower edge. 



This reverse is used for the majority of the 

 Army service medals ; the exceptions will be 

 mentioned. The original ribbon was all red, 

 suggestive of the Indian, but when our troops 

 began to appear in France, in the summer of 

 1917, it was found that the French mistook it 

 for the ribbon of the Legion of Honor; not 

 only was the color the same, but it was also 

 worn to the right of all others (the same as a 

 Frenchman wears the Legion of Flonor), ex- 

 cept the very few who also had the Medal of 

 Honor. As we did not wish to sail under 

 false pretenses, the two black stripes were 

 added. 



11. The Spanish Campaign Medal was 

 awarded to officers and men who served in 

 the theater of operations during the Spanish 

 War. In Cuba this required service prior to 

 the surrender of General Toral, on July 17; 

 in Porto Rico, prior to August 13, the date 

 of the surrender of Ponce; and in the Philip- 

 pines, prior to August 16, when the Spaniards 

 surrendered Manila. The castle on the ob- 

 verse is similar to that on the Spanish coat 

 of arms. The first ribbon was yellow and red, 

 the Spanish colors, and the arrangement was 

 the same as on the Spanish merchant flag. In 

 1913, out of deference to the sensibilities of a 

 now friendly country, the red stripes were 

 changed to blue. 



12. The Cuban Occupation Medal com- 

 memorates the military occupation of that 

 island, which commenced with the surrender 

 of the Spanish forces at Santiago and termi- 

 nated on May 20, 1902, when our troops 

 evacuated, leaving the new Cuban Government 

 in control. It was given to all who served in the 

 Army of Occupation during that period. On 

 the obverse is the coat of arms of the Cuban 

 Republic. 



13. The Philippine Campaign Medal was 

 given for services rendered in the Philippine 

 Islands during the .insurrection, which com- 

 menced on February 4, 1899, and lasted offi- 

 cially until the military government was super- 

 seded by a civil government, July 4. 1902 

 In the southern islands hostilities continued 

 for a longer time and eligibility for the medal 

 in that vicinity extends to the end of 199J. In 

 addition, these who took part in the Moro 

 campaign in Jolo and Mindanao in 1905, in the 

 engagement on Mt. Bud-Dajo in 1906, and the 

 Bagsok Camnaign in Jolo of 1913 (commanded 

 by General Pershing) are also entitled to this 

 medal. On the obverse is a coconut palm, 

 representing the tropical character of the 

 Philippines, with a Roman lamp on one side, 

 symbolical of the enlightenment of the islands 

 under American rule, and the scales of justice 

 on the other side, indicating the nature of 

 that rule. 



14. The Philippine Congressional Medal 

 was established by Act of Congress in 1906 to 

 reward those officers and men stationed in the 



Philippine Islands who had volunteered for 

 the War with Spain and were therefore en- 

 titled by law to their discharge when the 

 Treaty of Peace with Spain was ratified, on 

 April 11, 1899, but who nevertheless volun- 

 tarily remained in the service to help suppress 

 the insurrection in the islands. On the obverse 

 is a color sergeant carrying the American flag, 

 with a color guard of two soldiers. On the 

 reverse is the inscription "For Patriotism, 

 Fortitude and Loyalty," within a wreath com- 

 posed of a pine branch on one side and a palm 

 branch on the other. 



15. The Spanish War Service Medal was 

 given to all officers and men who served ninety 

 days in the war with Spain and who were not 

 eligible to receive the campaign medal for that 

 war. This medal recognizes the fact that the 

 entire personnel of the Army contributed to 

 the success of that war, whether they served 

 with the expeditionarv forces or in the service 

 of supply at home. The obverse was designed 

 by Col. J. R. M. Taylor, U. S. A., retired, and 

 shows a sheathed Roman sword hanging on a 

 tablet bearing the inscription "For Service in 

 the > Spanish War." The sheathed sword sym- 

 bolizes the fact that the wearer, although in 

 the Army, did not participate in the actual 

 fighting. 



The reverse was designed by the firm of 

 Bailey, Banks & Biddle and shows the Ameri- 

 can eagle surrounded by a wreath and with 

 a scroll below, left blank for the name of the 

 recipient. The ribbon is green with yellow 

 stripes, the arrangement being the same as on 

 the ribbon of the Spanish Campaign Medal. 



16. The Cuban Pacification Medal com- 

 memorates the military occupation of Cuba, 

 between 1906 and 1909, and was awarded to all 

 officers and men who formed part of the forces 

 in the island during that period. This occu- 

 pation was undertaken for the purpose of 

 pacifying Cuba and aiding in the establish- 

 ment of a stable government. The obverse has 

 the arms of Cuba with two American soldiers 

 at parade rest as supporters. The ribbon is 

 the Army olive drab with our national colors 

 in narrow stripes at each edge. 



17. The China Reliee Expedition Medal 

 commemorates the international expedition 

 which marched to Peking to relieve the lega- 

 tions during the Boxer trouble of 1900. and was 

 awarded to all officers and men who took part 

 therein. On the obverse is the Imperial 

 Chinese five-toed dragon. The ribbon is yel- 

 low, the color of the Manchu dynasty then" on 

 the Chinese throne, with narrow blue edges. 



18. The Mexican Border Medal was given 

 to all members of the National Guard who 

 c erved on the Mexican horde- during Hie years 

 1916-T7, and to members of the Regi'lar A'-mv 

 who served in the Mexican border patrol dur- 

 ing the same years, prior to April 6. 1917. 

 Any service in the Army after that date is 

 covered by the Victory Medal. Tt is not given 

 to one who has the Mexican Service Medal. 

 It will be noted that to be eligible for this 

 medal a reorular must have been actually a 

 member of the border patrol ; merely to have 

 been stationed on the border is not sufficient. 



