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THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 



the armistice. It is also given to those who 

 served in Russia or Siberia during 1919 and 

 who joined the service subsequent to Novem- 

 ber 11, 1918. 



Conscientious objectors who refused to ac- 

 cept military service and the men who were 

 rejected at camps before doing military duty 

 rendered no military services and therefore 

 will not be given the medal. Members of the 

 Y. M. C. A. and other welfare societies are also 

 not eligible for it, as they were neither soldiers 

 nor saiiors and cannot be classed as combatants. 



The medal was designed by Mr. J. E. Fraser, 

 of New York City, under the direction of the 

 Commission of Fine Arts. The obverse shows 

 a winged Victory. On the reverse is a list of 

 the nations which participated in the actual 

 fighting. To show participation in hostilities 

 clasps are awarded for the following: 



Cambrai — between May 12 and December 4, 

 1917 (2,500 clasps is the estimated num- 

 ber to be awarded). 



Somme Defensive — between March 21 and 

 April 6, 1918 (2,200 clasps). 



Lys — between April 9 and April 2.7, 1918 (500 

 clasps). 



Aisne — between May 27 and June 5, 1918 

 (27,500 clasps). 



Montdiclier-Noyon — between June 9 and 

 June 13, 1918 (27,000 clasps). 



Champagne-Marne — between July 15 and 

 July 18, 1918 (85,000 clasps). 



Aisne-Marne — between July 18 and August 

 6, 1918 (270,000 clasps). 



Somme Offensive — between August 8 and 

 November 11, 1918 (54,000 clasps). 



Oise-Aisne — between August 18. and Novem- 

 ber n, 1918 (85,000 clasps). 



Ypres-Lys — between August 19 and Novem- 

 ber 11, 1918 (108,000 clasps). 



St. Mihiel — between September 12 and Sep- 

 tember 16, 1918 (550,000 clasps). 



Meuse-Argonne — between September 26 and 

 November 11, 1918 (1,200,000 clasps). 



Vittorio-Veneto — between October 24 and 

 November 4, 1918 (1,200 clasps). 



In addition, there is the Defensive Sector 

 Clasp, which is given for any occupation of a 

 defensive sector or for participation in any en- 

 gagement in France, Italy, Russia, or Siberia 

 not enumerated above, but only one Defensive 

 Sector clasp is given to any one individual. 



These clasps are called battle clasps, and for 

 each one a small bronze star is worn on the 

 service ribbon. (See illustration under No. 20, 

 Life Saving Medal, first class.) In addition, 

 there are five service clasps which are not 

 given to those who are entitled to a battle 

 clasp, and no stars are worn for them on the 

 service ribbon. They are : 



France. — For any service in France between 

 April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918. 



Italy. — For any service in Italy between April 

 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918. 



England. — For any service in England be- 

 tween April 6, 1917, and November 11, 

 1918. (With the additional proviso that 

 this clasp will only be given to those who 

 served in England and nowhere else 

 overseas.) 



Siberia. — For any service in Siberia since 

 April 6, 1917. 



1917, 



Russia. — For any service in Russia since 

 April 6, 1917. 



Crews of transports receive one of these 

 clasps, depending on the country to which they 

 sailed. 



_ The Navy has sixteen clasps, but only one is 

 given to any one person. A bronze star is worn 

 on the service ribbon to indicate possession of 

 a clasp. Naval forces that served with the 

 Army receive the Army clasps and stars to 

 which their services entitle them. (For further 

 particulars see preceding article.) The Navy 

 clasps are : 



Transport. — On transport duty in North At- 

 lantic. 



Escort.— On escort duty in North Atlantic. 



Armed Guard. — On armed guard duty in 

 North Atlantic. 



Grand Fleet. — Between December 

 and November 11, 1918. 



Patrol. — In European waters prior to May 

 25, 1918 (the date of the appearance of 

 German submarines off American coast), 

 anywhere in North Atlantic after May 25. 



Submarine. — Same conditions as Patrol 



Destroyer. — Same conditions as Patrol. 



Aviation. — Same conditions as Patrol. 



Naval Battery. — Between Jul)r 10 and No- 

 vember 11, 1918. 



White Sea. — Service on vessel making a 

 White Sea port. 



Asiatic. — Service on vessel making Asiatic 

 port. 



Mine Laying. — Between May 26 and- Novem- 

 ber 11, 1918. 



Mine Sweeping. — 



Salvage. — 



Atlantic Fleet. — Between May 25 and No- 

 vember 11, 1918. 



Overseas. — On shore in Europe. 



ORGANIZATION SHOULDER INSIGNIA 



39. The First Army was organized for the 

 St. Mihiel offensive, under command of Gen- 

 eral Pershing himself. It then consisted of the 

 First, Fourth, and Fifth Corns, with the Thirty- 

 third, Thirty-fifth, Eightieth, and Ninety-first 

 Divisions in reserve. The object was attained 

 without putting any of the reserve divisions 

 in the line. 



Later the First Army was commanded by 

 Lieut. Gen. Hunter Liggett, and at the com- 

 mencement of the Meuse-Argonne drive con- 

 sisted of the First, Third, and Fifth Corps, 

 with the First, Twenty-ninth, and Eighty-sec- 

 ond Divisions in reserve. 



In the lower part of the insignia are devices 

 to represent different arms of the service : a 

 red and white patch for army artillery; red 

 castle for the army engineers ; red, white, and 

 blue cocarde for the air service of the army, etc. 



In the reorganization after the armistice the 

 First Army consisted of the First, Fifth, and 

 Eighth Corps and immediately began prepara- 

 tions to leave France for the United States. 



40. The Second Army was organized on 

 October 10, during the Meuse-Argonne opera- 

 tion, and operated between the Moselle and 

 the Meuse, under Lieut. Gen. R. L. Bullard, 

 during the remainder of the fighting. 



