
STAPLETON—BIFACED STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 287 
“‘The natives therefore appear to have obtamed their supplies of flint not 
only from the beach deposits, but also from the limestones which are the source 
from which the beach deposits are derived, and also from a number of raised 
beaches, found inland at distances of as much as fifteen miles and more,’’ 
A deseription of the nature and characteristics of flint and the effect of 
atmospheric weathering was given in a paper by T, D. Campbell and H, VY. V, 
Noone (1943). 
DISCUSSION. 
The author made exhaustive enquiries amongst residents in the Mount Gam- 
bier district concerning these bi-faced implements, but only one farmer reported 
having ploughed one up; this was at Square Mile, Mount Gambier. There is an 
axe in the South Australian Museum collection from Compton, near Mount Gam- 
bier, Mr. C, Kurtze informs me that he has never found these artefacts more 
than 15 miles inland. Such distances may be considered to be well within the 
range of a coastal tribe. It would appear that the flint implements did not pass 
along trade routes in the manner ground axes were distributed. 
What are the implications of this heterogeneous culture in so small a coastal 
strip? May it be that here was a tribe with an uninhabited binterland, who 
either had brought this bi-face culture with them, or evolved it, being prompted 
thereto by the type of material so plentifully to hand, and that in course of 
time, other aboriginals spread over the land, perhaps from the East or North- 
Kast, bringing with them ground axes which superseded the implements of 
flaked flint. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
The author desires to thank Dr. T. D. Campbell for advice on preparing 
this article; Sub. Lieut. H. M. Cooper, Acting Ethnologist at the South Aus- 
tralian Museum for making available the required specimens; Miss Gwen Walsh, 
Museum Artist, for her painstaking work in producing the illustrations; and Mr. 
P. 8. Hossfeld, M.Se., for his notes on the geology of this coastal region. 
REFERENCES CITED, 
Campbell, T. D., D.D.Se. (1934): ‘‘ Notes on the aborigines of the South-Bast of South Aus- 
tralia’’, Part 1. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., lili, p. 31. 
Campbell, T. D. and Noone, H. V. V. (1943): ‘‘Some Aboriginal Camp-sites in the Woakwine 
Range Region of the South-East of South Australia’’. Rec, 8. Austr. Mus., vil, pp. 374-375, 
Kenyon, A, 8,, C.. (1912): ‘Camping Places of the Aborigines of South-Hast Australia’’. 
Viet, Historival Magasine, No, 3, pp. 105-106. 
Mitehell, 8. BR. (1943): ‘‘Geology and Ethnology of the Kongorong Hills, South Anstralia’’. 
Viet. Nat., x, No. 4, pp. 59-62, pl. i, 
Smith, Mrs. James (1880); ‘! The Booandik Tribe of South Anstralian Aborigines’’. Adelaide. 
