
468 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MusEuUM 
Ka, 5, (Section 475), This is an imposing, extensive area covering some 
acres, situated on the inland, eastern side of the Range and occupying the slopes 
of a large valley. Here again extensive erosion has ocenrred and vast quantities 
of sand have been washed down on to the lower parts of the slopes and into the 
gully floor below. Here, as with the other sites on this Range, the disappearance 
of native timber and subsequent stocking of the country have probably econtri- 
buted largely to the intensive erosion process which has taken place. This large 
area produced many good examples of the medium to large scraper types of 
implement, One specimen found is a beautiful example of a large hand axe or 
chopper implement made from a large elongate oyal flake about 22 x 12 x 3 cys, 
It is trimmed along the margins of only the outer face. (See fig. 8), Some parts 
of this large area also presented numerous exposed limestone pillars, and an 
exanunation of these showed that when the area was used as a camp, these stone 
masses must have been almost completely hidden, for numbers of them showed 
the crestal portion burnt. by fire. Since then, the surronnding sand has been 
eroded away to a depth of two to three feet in some places, 
Discusstow. Considering the distribution and nature of these camp sites in 
general, the following points may he discussed, 
As with the eamp sites previously studied in the Millicent-Rendelsham region, 
it seems likely that those adjacent to the shoreline were of a temporary nature. 
The somewhat protracted winter season of this Lower South-Hast coastal terrain 
with its inclement weather would tend to make littoral camps uncomfortable 
quarters. More likely they were visited during the summer months when eondi- 
tions for fishing, gathering molluscs and other sea foods would be more amenable. 
Moreover, the inland sites would afford better protection from the prevailing 
westerly weather, provide suitable and readier material for habitations, and better 
drained locations for the latter. There is ample evidence for belief that the ridges 
were well covered with timber and vegetation, thus supporting plenty of animal 
life for food supplies, while the adjacent swamps and springs would provide ample 
fresh water suplies and attract bird life, 
Two important featnres of the coasta! sites call for comment, The abundance 
of molluse shells on the sites and the consistent manner in which the outer lip 
of the shell was broken in the predominant. Turbo indicates that these sites were 
used as feasting places for this kind of sea food. This was particularly marked 
in the case of Black Rock sitg No.2. Then it is obvious that some of these camps 
were also used for the preliminary work in fashioning implements from the abnn- 
dani sources of flint pebbles, vast beds of which line portions of the shoreline 
nearby. Cape Banks site No. 2 is @ fine example of this industrial activity. On 
the other hand, the inland sites were almost devoid of remnants of sea foods; and 
the fint debris and implements provided an entirely different pictute. 
The special distribution of implement. types is clearly revealed in the camyp- 
site contents. Microlithic forms were outstandingly predominant on the coastal 
sites, and the larger forms of implement, of the medium to large seraper varieties, 
were scarce ; whereas tha latter formed the vast bulk of the material collected from 
the inland sites, and the miniature types were almost a rarity. 
Taking a broad view of the size, number, and distribution of the camp gites of 
this region, the general impression was gained that, in spite of its likely produe- 
tivity, it. did not hold large numbers of natives. It is suggested that by attempting 
to visualize the numbers of family groups who could oceupy the various camps, 
a total of one hundred individuals for the Kongorong area might be a reasonable 
estimation of population. It will thus be seen that the ecological approach in 
a study of camp sites provides a possible objective basis for estimating density 
of population in any particular district. It is intended that more intensive treat- 
ment of this matter will form the subject of a later publication. 
