
ABORIGINES OF THE SOUTH-EAST OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 501 
Fresh water supplies were always abundant in. this region, But it ia pro- 
bable that the swampy conditions of vast areas im winter time might also have 
been such an inconvenience as to be a definite limiting factor to population 
increase, in spite of the ample water and the animal and bird life which otherwise 
might have made the region geographically favourable for human occupation, 
But camping sites occur on the somewhat narrow ridges and ranges—on coastal 
aitey only for the warmer periods. Thus, dicing protracted wiiter seasons—yith 
wide, water-covered, inter-ridge valleys—living and hunting areas were restricted, 
Oeeurrence of favourable ‘‘strategic’’ hunting places would only aceelerate the 
slaughter of game. Nomadie hunting and food gathering therefore wust have 
been definitely limited, 
An account is given of the gollection of 2,755 stone implements gathered on 
the camp areas, Half of this total consists of microlithie forms. Of these latter, 
Woakwine, Bondi and Buandik Points constitute the majority, Frequeney and 
distribution of microliths reveal features of interest. 
Practically all the implements were made from flint, vast deposits of which 
material oceur on the beaches of the Hundred of Kongorang, while other, but less 
abundant, supplies occur further along the coast to the north-west. 
Some notes are included on the geology of the region and on the material 
alterations of the Hint implement material. These subjects have a close bearing 
on the problem of the antiqnity of human occupation, The relative ages of the 
recent sand-dunes and the consolidated stranded dunes inland raise important 
guestions on which depends the age of any aboriginal relics found in or on these 
dunes, Report is made of burnt stones—similar to native hearth stones—having 
been fotind embedded in dune limestone at several sites. 
The paper forms a progressive report on work which, it: is hoped, can be con- 
tinued, 
We are much indebted to the Board of the Sonth Australian Museum for in- 
terest and assistance in this field work. 
Our thanks are due also ta the following for valued assistanee in Various 
ways which ensured the success of the work; Messrs, D, Schulz and 8S. Smith, of 
Rendelsham; Mr. C. Willshire, of Millicent, who provided considerable transport 
facilities; Mr. aud Mrs. R, N. Campbell, of Mt. Gambier; Mv. and Mrs. P, Jack- 
way, of Blackfellows Caves; Mr. A. D. Smith, Deputy Surveyor-Geneval; Mr. 
H. V. V. Noone, Sir Douglas Mawson, Mr. H. M. Hale, Director, and Mr, B. C. 
Cotton and Mr. H, Cooper, also of the S.A. Museum staff. 
We are indebted te Miss Gwen D. Walsh for making the special sketches of 
¢amp sites and stone implements. 
REFERENCES CITED 
Campbell, T, D, and Noone, H. V. V. (1948): ‘Some aboriginal cap sitea in tha Woakwine 
Range tegion of the Soutt-Fast of South Auatralia.?? Bee, 8. dustr. Mus, vii, pp 371-386. 
Campbell, T. D. (1934 and 1939); '* Notes on the aborigines of the Seuth-Hash of Bouth Aua- 
tralia.’’ Trans. Roy, Soe, 8. Austy., lis, pp. 22-33 and 65 (1), pp. 37-85. 
Angas, G. P, (1847) ; Savage life and scenes in Auatralia and New Zentond. London, pp, 117-180, 
Ward, B. (1869): The South-Fostern District of South dustralin, Adelaide, 
Proud, C. (1881) + South astern Distriet of South Australia in 1880. Adelaide, 
Campbell, T. D. and Noone, H, VV, (1943) + ‘South Australian micralithic stone implements.’’ 
Reo. &. Austr. Mus., vii, pp. 281-307, 
Miteholl, §. R, (1943): ‘Geology aud Ethnology of the Kougoroug Hille, South Australia,?* 
Fiok Nai, tx), 1944, 59-63, 
Staplaten, P. de 8. (1944): "' Rifaee stone implements rom south-oastern South Australia,’’ 
Ree. 8. Austr. Mus,, viii, pp. 281-237. 
Smith, Mre. James (1880): The Booandik Trike of South Austratian-aborigines, Adelaide. 
Bo notes supplied by Mr, D. Sohbola of Rendelsham, His informants were an old uncle 
(recently daceased), Me, H, A, Stewart aud Mr, S, Smith, both of Rendelsham, The late Mr. 
H. A. Stewart and Mr, Sinith’s father were contemporaries of the late Duncan Stewart, All of 
these persona, including Mr. Schulz, are relutives of the late Mrs. James Smith, 
