641 



&!)£ CrntStup at Matmy. 



[jUNG 



nate, the flowers dioecious ; the males in 

 short loose racemes very much like those 

 of an oak; the females two or three- to- 

 gether, imbedded in the summit or a hroad 

 flat peduncle having the appearance of a 

 samara. The name of Juliania was also 

 originally given by Llave to a Mexican 

 shrub, which afterwards proved to he the 

 CJwisya of Kunth. 



I JULIEKNE. (Fr.) Hesperis. — DE MA- 

 1 HON. Malcolmia maritima. — DES JAR- 

 DINS. Hesperis matronalis. — JAUNE. 

 | Barbarea vulgaris. 



JULLALYA. An Indian name for hard 

 wheat. 

 I JULOCROTON. A genus of spurge- 

 ' worts, numbering about ten species, pecu- 

 liar to tropical America, and ranging from 

 Mexico to Buenos Ayres. They are bran ch- 

 j ing undershrubs, having all their parts 

 ! more or less clothed with white or rusty- 

 j coloured starry hairs, such as those seen 

 I in Yerbascum. The alternate long-stalked 

 I leaves have ovate or heart-shaped blades ; 

 '. and the small green flowers are disposed 

 in axillary or terminal bracted spikes, the 

 lower flowers on which are fertile, the up- 

 per sterile. From Croton they differ in 

 having irregular fertile flowers. [A. A. B.] 

 JULUS. The same as Amentum. 

 JULY-FLOWER. Prosopis juliflora. Also 

 sometimes applied to the Stock Gilliflower. 



JUNCTURE. A joint or articulation ; 

 the place where a body spontaneously sepa- 

 rates into two parts. 



JUNCACEiE. (Janci, Kingiacece, Xero- 

 lidew, Rushes.) A natural order of peta- 

 loid monocotyledonous plants, belonging 

 to Lindley's juncal alliance of Endogens. 

 Herbs with fasciculate or fibrous roots, hol- 

 low or flat and grooved leaves, and gluma- 

 ceous (sometimes petaloidj flowers in clus- 

 ters, cymes, or heads. Perianth dry, green- 

 ish or brownish, six-parted ; stamens six or 

 three, perigynous ; anthers introrse ; ovary 

 one to three-celled ; ovules one to three, 

 or many in each cell ; style one ; stigmas 

 often three. Fruit a three-valved loculi- 

 cidal capsule, or indehiscent and one- 

 seeded ;' seeds with a thin testa, which 

 often becomes gelatinous when moistened. 

 Natives chiefly of temperate or cold re- 

 gions. The leaves are used for mats and the 

 bottoms of chairs ; the central cellular tis- 

 sue for wicks of candles. There are up- 

 wards of 200 species distributed in about 

 eighteen genera, of which Juncus, Luzula, 

 and Narthecium are examples. [J. H. B.] 



JUNCAGINACEyE. (Potamogetonea?., Ar- 



rovj-grasses.) A natural order of petaloid 



monocotyledonous plants, belonging to 



Lindley's alismal alliance of Endogens. 



Marsh plants, with narrow radical leaves, 



and hermaphrodite flowers in spikes or 



racemes. Perianth greenish ; stamens 



six ; anthers introrse ; carpels three to 



I six, united or distinct ; ovules one or two, 



! erect. Fruit dry, one to two-seeded ; albu- 



j men none; embryo straight, with a late- 



ral cleft. Natives of temperate or cold re- 

 gions. Triglochin and Aponogeton are ex- 

 amples of the few genera. [J. H. B.] 



JUNCUS. The Rush, a very extensive 

 and almost universally distributed genus 

 of Juncacece, with a peculiar rigid habit, 

 and small greenish or brown flowers, ar- 

 ranged in heads or panicles. The flowers 

 have two bracts and a six-leaved perianth 

 resembling in texture the glumes of Cype- 

 racem ; six (rarely three) stamens ; and a 

 three-celled capsule, with numerous seeds. 

 The soft pith of the stems of several species 

 is used to form candle-wicks, and the stems 

 themselves are made into mats. These 

 plants are generally found in bogs or wet 

 places, especially in sandy soil, and the 

 great majority of the species occur in the 

 temperate and arctic zones. Of these twenty 

 are included in the British flora. Of those 

 with the inflorescence apparently lateral 

 from the lowest bract resembling a pro- 

 longation of the stem, and having many 

 leaf-like barren stems, J. acutus, effusus, 

 and glaiicus are examples; while of those 

 with the inflorescence evidently terminal 

 and without barren stems, J. obtusiflorus, 

 acutiflorus, bufonius,a.ndsquarrosiis, furnish 

 Illustrations. [J. T. S.] 



JUNE-BERRY. An American name for 



Amelanchier. 



JUNERA. An Indian name for Sorghum 

 vidgare. 



JUNGERMANNIACEJE. The principal 

 division of the liverworts (Hepaticce), dis- 

 tinguished by the solitary capsules which, 

 for the most part, split into a definite num- 

 her of valves, and are filled with a mass of 

 spiral elaters and spores. A few have a 

 horizontal frond without any distinct 

 leaves, but the greater part have distinct 

 leaves, which assume the most grotesque 

 forms, and are often folded or furnished 

 below with a curious lobe. The leaves are 

 arranged on two separate plans, the upper 

 edge either resting upon the hinder edge 

 of the one which succeeds it, in which case 

 they are called incubous, or placed beneath 

 it, when they are styled succubous. The 

 leaves are mostly two-ranked, and there 

 are frequently stipules on the under-side 

 of the stem. As in mosses, the base of 

 the fruit is often surrounded with leaves 

 of a different form from those on the stem, 

 besides which there are one or more mem- 

 branes immediately surrounding the pe- 

 duncle. The elaters which accompany the 

 spores are distinct spiral vessels, and the 

 outer cells of the capsules often contain 

 rings, while the walls of succeeding cells 

 are studded with deep broad pits, like those 

 in punctate tissue. The spores germinate 

 like those of mosses, producing a mass of 

 I threads from which the plants grow. The 

 [ archegonia, which are sometimes solitary, 

 j are produced upon the stems, and the 

 | young plant is developed exactly as in 

 I mosses. 



| This large group is divisible into two 

 I natural sections of very unequal size, the 

 I one of which contains those genera which 



