jung] 



€3)e Creagurg of botany. 



642 



have a one or two-valved capsule, and in 

 part of these it is threaded like a columella ; 

 the other comprises the multitudes of spe- 

 cies in which the capsule opens with four 

 equal valves. These again are divided into 

 frondose and foliose sub-orders, while the 

 foliose are arranged in two sets, according 

 as the leaves are incubous or succubous. 

 Very rarelv the capsule opens irregularly 

 as in Petalophyllum Ralfsii, and as rarely 

 more than one capsule is developed within 

 the same calyx, as in Jungermannia emar- 

 ginata. 



Jungermanniacece are found in all parts 

 of the world, and are quite as abundant in 

 the south as in the northern hemisphere. 

 None of them seem to be of any economi- 

 cal value. One or two incubous species 

 are found in amber. [M. J. B.] 



JUNGERMANNIA. Almost all the Jun- 

 germanniacece were originally referred to 

 this genus, which is now, however, re- 

 stricted to such succubous species as have 

 a free terminal perianth, plicato-angular 

 above, and cleft. It is the only one of its 

 peculiar group which has its maximum in 

 Europe, neighbouring genera, which con- 

 tain many of the flnest species, resembling 

 small film-ferns, occurring in New Zea- 

 land, where they luxuriate more perhaps 

 than in any other country. [M. J. B.] 



JUNGIA. A genus of erect or climbing 

 perennial herbs, belonging to the Nassau- 

 vice, a tribe of Compositce, and differing from 

 its allies in the chaffy receptacle of the 

 flower-heads, the uniserial feathery or 

 rough pappus, and the simple-lobed leaves. 

 The ten known species are all South Ame- 

 rican. They have stalked five or seven- 

 lobed leaves, usually clothed underneath 

 with dense white or rusty down, and the 

 twigs terminate in panicles or cymes of 

 small white flower-heads of numerous per- 

 fect two-lipped florets. [A. A. B.] 



JUNGLE-BENDY. Tetrameles. 



JUNGLE-NAIL. Acacia tomentosa. 



JUNIPER. Juniperus; also applied in 

 Nova Scotia to the Hackmatack Tamarack, 

 or American Larch, Abies pendtila. 



JUNIPERUS. A genus of dicotyledons 

 belonging to the Gymnospernue, and placed 

 in the order Coniferce. The characters of 

 the genus are :— Male flowers in catkins ; 

 anthers four to seven, one-celled, inserted 

 on the lower edge or the scales. Female 

 flowers few, in a small catkin, erect ; scales 

 of the catkin imbricate, lower ones barren ; 

 ovules three, surrounded by a three-cleft 

 baccate involucre. The species have subu- 

 late leaves ; and the fruit is berry-like, al- 

 though in reality a reduced fleshy cone. 

 There are forty or fifty known species. 

 J. communis is the common Juniper : J. 

 Sabina, the Savin ; /. bermudiana, Pencil Ce- 

 dar ; J. virginiana, Red Cedar. The Juniper 

 is the badge of the Murrays. One of the 

 species is shown at Plate 11 b. [J. H. BJ 



JUNO'S TEARS. Verbena officinalis. 



JUPITER'S BEARD. Anthyllis Barba 

 Jovis ; also Sempervivum tectorum. 



JURINEA. A genus of perennial herbs 

 belonging to the thistle group of the Com- 

 posites, numbering about forty species, 

 found chiefly in south Europe and Asia 

 Minor, extending north to Siberia and 

 east to Persia. A goodly number are neat 

 little stemless plants, with a rosette of pin- 

 natifld or entire hoary leaves, lying close 

 on the ground, and surrounding a sessile 

 thistle-like flower-head, consisting of many 

 purple florets. Others differ from these 

 in having the flower-heads borne on long 

 naked stalks; and a few are branching 

 plants, with stem as well as root leaves, 

 which are either pinnatifld with linear 

 divisions, or oblong or lance-shaped ; while 

 the flowers are numerous, disposed in co- 

 rymbs. From Serratuia, and other allies, 

 this genus differs in the four-sided, some- 

 what top-shaped achenes being crowned 

 with a pappus of unequal rough hairs, 

 which arises from within the minute cup- 

 shaped and elevated border, and falls off 

 in one piece, thus having the appearance of 

 a painter's brush. [A. A. B.] 



JURUMU. A Brazilian variety of Squash. 



JUSQUIAME. (Fr.) Hyoscyamus niger. 



JUSSLZEA. An extensive genus of Ona- 

 gracece, consisting of herbs or more rarely 

 shrubs, growing in marshes or ponds 

 throughout the tropics, a few species reach- 

 ing to sub-tropical regions. They have 

 alternate leaves, and axillary yellow or 

 rarely white, sessile or very shortly stalked 

 flowers, with a persistent four-parted 

 (rarely five to six-parted) calyx tube, as 

 many petals, and twice as many stamens. 

 Some of the species are astringent, as J. 

 villosa from India, and J. Caparossa and 

 scabra from Brazil, where also occurs J. 

 pilosa which yields a yellow dye. J. decur- 

 rens reaches north to Virginia. [J. T. S.j 



JUSTICIA. A genus of Acantliacece, oc- 

 curring in tropical and sub-tropical regions, 

 chiefly in India and Southern Africa. 

 They are herbs or shrubs with red flowers 

 in terminal spikes, furnished with large 

 herbaceous bracts, or opposite and soli- 

 tary flowers with small subulate bracteoles. 

 The small calyx consists of five sepals; 

 the corolla has a long tube and is two- 

 lipped, the upper lip being concave and 

 entire or notched, and the lower three- 

 lobed, convex, and veined or rugose in the 

 centre; there are two stamens, and two 

 ovules in each cell of the ovary ; while the 

 capsule is laterally compressed below the 

 seed-bearing part. [W. O] 



JUTE. The fibre of Corchorus capsularis 

 and C. olitorius. 



JUVANEE. An Indian name for Ptyclio- 

 tis Ajowan. 



JUVIA. The Brazil Nut,, Bertlwlletia 

 excelsa. 



JUWANSA. The Camel's Thorn, Alhagi 

 Maurorum. 



