709 



Clje €reas*ttrg of 3Satang. 



[magn 



i i?w6i'ft lielbun. — , FIELD. Sherardia ar- 

 vensis. — , INDIAN". Oldenlandia umbellata. 

 —, WILD. Galium Mollugo. 



MADDERW0RT3. A name for the Ga- 

 liacece. 



MADBXCA, or MADOOKA. Bassia bu- 

 tyracea and latifolia. 



MADIA. A coarse hairy more or less 

 viscous erect annual, forming a genus of 

 Composites of the tribe Heliantheie. The 

 lower leaves are opposite and entire, the 

 upper ones alternate ; and the flower-heads 

 nearly globular, in a terminal raceme, with 

 yellow florets. The involucral bracts are 

 in a single series, each one folded so as to 



' enclose one of the ray florets, which are 

 ligulate or irregularly enlarged ; between 

 these and the disk is a single row of 



, scales, but the centre of the receptacle, 

 bearing the tubular disk florets, is entirely 



| without scales. The achenes are flattened, 



; without any pappus. M. sativa, the only 

 species known, is a native of Chili and of 

 North California, and is there cultivated 

 for the oil extracted from its seeds. 



' MADOORKATI. An Indian name for 

 | Cyperus Pangorei, from which Indian mat- 

 ting is made. 



MADOTHECA. A genus of Jwigerman- 

 . niacece, belonging to the division Platy- 



phyllm, which has incubous leaves with the 

 ; lower lobe simply folded upon the upper, 

 ! an involucre of the same shape as the 



leaves, and a peiianth neither winged nor 



angular as in Frullania. The lobes do not 

 I throw out roots from their under surface, 

 J as in Radula complanata. M. platyphylia 



forms elegant tufts upon old wall-tops, and 

 I is very common. [M. J. B.] 



1IADWORT. Alyssum ; also Asperugo 

 ■proewmbens. — , GERMAN. Asperugo pro- 

 i cumbens. 



M.ERUA. The name of a genus of Cap- 

 j paridacece, consisting of small shrubs, na- 

 ! tives of tropical Africa. The flowers have 

 ; a funnel-shaped calyx, the tube of which is 



persistent, while the limb is divided into 

 ■ four equal deciduous segments. There is 

 i no corolla, but standing up from the throat 

 | of the calyx is a short crown deeply and 

 i irregularly divided. The stamens are very 

 . numerous, on an elongated receptacle ; 



and the pod is one-celled. [M. T. M.] 



lOBSA. A genus of Myrsinacece, con- 

 sisting of trees or shrubs with alternate 

 entire or toothed leaves, and small flowers 

 in simple or compound racemes, either 

 axillary or very rarely terminal. It is dis- 

 tinguished from all others of the order by 

 the ovary, which is wholly or partially in- 

 ferior. There are several species, natives 

 of the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and 

 Australia, but none of them present any 

 special interest. 



MAFUNA. A vegetable wax, suitable 

 for making candles, obtained in Mozam- 

 bique from a tree whose native name is 

 Mutiana. 



MAGHET. Pyrethrum Parthenium. 



MAGALLANA porrifolia is the sole re- 

 presentative of a genus of Tropceolacece 

 inhabiting Antarctic America. It is an 

 annual climbing herb, with alternate tri- 

 parted leaves furnished with pellucid 

 dots, and having cirrhose petioles ; axillary 

 flowers ; a flve-Iobed calcarate calyx, three 

 of the lobes being united into one, two 

 deeply divided. There are five unequal 

 petals, eight stamens, and a three-winged 

 fruit. [B. SJ 



MAGNOLIACE^E. (Magnolias, Winterem, 

 Illiciece.) A natural order of dicotyledonous 

 plants belonging toLindley'sranal alliance 

 of hypogynous Exogens. Trees or shrubs 

 with alternate leathery sometimes dotted 

 leaves, and convolute stipules which cover 

 the buds and are deciduous. Flowers fra- 

 grant; sepals usually three to six, deci- 

 duous ; petals three or more, imbricated ; 

 stamens numerous, distinct, with adnate 

 anthers ; carpels one-celled, numerous, on 

 an elevated receptacle. Fruit of nume- 

 rous dry or succulent dehiscent or inde- 

 hiscent carpels ; seeds often arillate, and 

 suspended from the fruit by a long funi- 

 culus ; albumen fleshy homogeneous ; em- 

 bryo minute. Magnolias abound in North 

 America. They possess bitter, tonic, and 

 aromatic qualities. Drimys Winteri yields 

 Winter's bark. Micium anisatum is called 

 star-anise, from its flavour, and the star- 

 like arrangement of its carpels. Lirioden- 

 dron tulipifera, the tulip-tree, is remarkable 

 for its truncate leaves. There are about 

 a dozen genera, and upwards of seventy 

 species. Examples : Magnolia, Drimys, Li- 

 riodendron. [J. H. B.] 



MAGNOLIA. Few botanists have their 

 name and fame commemorated by so splen- 

 did a genus of plants as that which derives 

 its title from Pierre Magnol, Professor of 

 Medicine and Botany, at Montpellier, in 

 the latter part of the seventeenth and 

 beginning of the eighteenth century. The 

 genus gives its name to the order Magno- 

 liaceo?, and consists for the most part of 

 large trees with fine foliage, and handsome 

 fragrant flowers. They are natives of the 

 southern states of North America, of North- 

 ern India, China, Japan, and other parts of 

 Asia. The leaves are alternate, entire, de- 

 ciduous or evergreen, rolled round in the 

 bud, in which state they are protected by 

 the stipules, which originally adhere to the 

 sides of the leafstalks, but ultimately fall 

 off. The flowers are large, terminal, pro- 

 tected in the young state by scales that 

 seem to be of a stipulary nature, as the 

 writer has not unfrequently seen a leaf de- 

 veloped from them in the same manner 

 and in the same situation as with the scales 

 of the leaf-bud, which are acknowledged to 

 be stipules. Moreover, Drs. Hooker and 

 Thomson describe one species, M. Camp- 

 bellii, as having constantly these leaf-bear- 

 ing scales surrounding the flower. The 

 calyx consists of three deciduous sepals ; 

 the corolla of six to twelve petals like the 

 sepals ; stamens and ovaries numerous, on 



