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MOKNAIE DTJ PAPE.orMONNAYERE. 



(Fr.) Lunaria annua. 



MONNIERIA, sometimes written Moni- • 

 era, in honour of William le Monnier, Pro- t 

 fessor of Botany in the Jardin du Roi at I 

 Paris, is the name of a genus of Rutacece, 

 represented by a single species, 21. trifoliata, j 

 a native of the sea-shore of tropical Ame- 

 rica. The calyx consists of five unequal 

 sepals ; corolla two-lipped, the upper en- 

 tire, the lower four-lobed ; stamens five, 

 two fertile and three sterile joined toge- 

 ther ; ovaries five ; fruit capsular five-valv- 

 ed, each carpel with one seed. [M. T. MJ 



MONNDTA. A genus of Polygalacece, \ 

 consisting of herbs mostly erect, shrubs, or j 

 even small trees, with alternate or scatter- 

 ed entire leares, and flowers usually rather 

 small, in terminal or rarely axillary racemes 

 or spikes. The calyx has the two large 

 wing-like sepals of Polygala, and the sta- 

 mens are nearly the same ; but the corolla 

 is very different, having, besides the large 

 petal called the keel, only two small ones 

 adhering to it on the inner side, not over- 

 lapping it ; and the fruit is indehiscent, 

 either a fleshy drupe, or surrounded by a 

 winged border. There are about fifty spe- 

 cies, all natives of South America, and 

 chiefly from the Andes, extending from 

 i South Chili almost to Mexico. The bark of 

 j the root of some of the Peruvian species, 

 I especially M. polystachya and salicifolia, is 

 ] moulded into balls and used both medici- 

 nally and a3 a substitute for soap, and also 

 by the silversmiths of Huanaco for clean- 

 ing and polishing wrought silver. 



MONNOYER.E. (Fr.) Lysimachia Num- 

 miliaria ; also Tlilaspi arvense. 



MONO. In Greek compounds = one ; as 

 monanthos, one-flowered. 



MONOCAPiPOUS. Producing fruit but 

 once in its life, as an annual, or such 

 perennials as the American aloe, which 

 always perishes after flowering. 



MONOCH.ETPM. Shrubs or under- 

 shrubs of the order Melastomacece, natives 

 mostly of mountainous regions from j 

 Mexico to Columbia and Peru, and num- 

 bering about twenty species. They have j 

 three to seven-nerved leaves, with the i 

 nerves impressed so as to give the upper I 

 surface a channelled appearan ce, and pur- 

 pie or violet flowers. Their floral envelopes ' 

 j are in fours, and their stamens double as 

 many and alternately unequal, with the 

 filaments complanate, and those of the 

 small or sterile anthered ones longer than 

 the others. The anthers are subulate and 

 one-pored at their acute apices, and have 

 the connective extended into a tail behind 

 them. M. ensiferum is a beautiful green- 

 house plant. [A. S.] 



MONOCHILPS. A small East Indian 

 genus of orchids, belonging to the Physu- 

 ri&'.ce, and having the habit of Goodyera. 

 Its principal characteristics consist in the 

 side sepals being free beneath the lip, and 

 the hind one agglutinated to the petals ; 



in the lip adhering to the column, being 

 without a spur at its base, and having a 

 membranous split limb much larger than 

 the sepals ; and in its short terete co- 

 lumn having a glandular swelling on 

 each side, but no finger-like processes as 

 in the allied genus Cheirostylis. [A. S.] 



MONOCHLAMYDEiE. A subclass of 

 dicotyledons, containing plants having 

 either a single floral envelope (a calyx) or 

 none. It includes many natural orders of 

 dicotyledons in which the parts of the flow- 

 er are incomplete, and in which the flowers 

 are unisexual , and corresponds nearly 

 to the Apetake of Jussieu. [J. H. B.] 



MONOCHLAMYDEOUS. Having but 

 one floral envelope. 



MONOCHOREA. A genus of Pontedera- 

 ceas, differing from Pontederiam the three- 

 celled and many-seeded capsule, and from 

 Eiclwrnia in the stamens being inserted 

 at the bottom of the tube of the perianth, 

 the anterior one longer than the others. 

 They are aquatic tropical herbs. M. vagi- 

 nalis, an Indian plant with oblong-lanceo- 

 late cordate leaves and hollow leafstalks, 

 is eaten when young as a potherb. It is 

 also used as a native remedy in liver com- 

 plaints and disorders of the stomach ; when 

 chewed it is considered as a remedy for 

 toothache, and it is used internally and ex- 

 ternally for other complaints. [J. T. SJ 



MONOCLINOUS. Having the two sexes 

 in the same flower ; hermaphrodite. 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. (Endogena, Endo- 

 gens, Amphibrya.) One of the primary 

 classes in the natural system. The plants 

 which it comprises have a cellular and vas- 

 cular system, the latter consisting partly 

 of elastic spiral vessels. The woody stem, 

 as in palms, is usually more or less cylin- 

 drical, simple, and unbranched ; there is 

 no true separable bark, no concentric zones, 

 and no true pith. The wood is endogenous, 

 i.e. it increases by additions which first 

 tend towards the centre and then curve 

 outwards in an interlacing manner to- 

 wards the circumference, where much 

 hard ligneous matter is deposited, so as to 

 make the exterior the hardest part. The 

 development of the stem usually takes 

 place by a single central and terminal bud, 

 but occasionally lateral buds are produced, 

 and at times the stem is hollow. The leaves 

 are parallel-veined, except in the subclass 

 Dictyogens, where a kind of reticulation is 

 visible. The parts of the flower are ar- 

 ranged in a ternary manner, and they are 

 in some cases petaloid, sometimes scaly or 

 glurnaceous. The ovules are contained in 

 an ovary, and are fertilised by the applica- 

 tion of the pollen to the stigma. The em- 

 bryo has one cotyledon, and the germina- 

 tion is endorhizal. The subclasses are : 

 Dirty ogence, Petaloidea- or Florida', and Glu- 

 miferaz or Glumaceoe. [J. H. B.] 



MONOCOTYLEDONOPS. Having only 

 one cotyledon, or if two are present, then 

 having one much smaller than the other, 

 and on a different level. 



