ployed persons, at a rate, we suppose, re- 

 munerative to both employers and em- 

 ployed. Mulberry trees will grow almost 

 anywhere, but their growth and the crops 

 of leaves may be limited by injudicious 

 gathering on their first pushing out. What 

 then is to be done? The worms being 

 hatched must be fed; but it is in our 

 power to accelerate or retard the hatching. 

 In our northern climate the eggs should be 

 kept cool, so that they may not be hatched 

 till thevegetation of the trees is sufficiently 

 advanced to afford without injury a plenti- 

 ful supply of food for the young worms. 

 This observation may prove useful even 

 to amateurs, who may have only a single 

 mulberry tree on which to feed silkworms 

 for amusement. A pound of silk is worth 

 its weight in silver, and this pound may 

 be produced from thirty pounds of mul- 

 berry leaves. This quantity may be ob- 

 tained from a single tree, which might 

 yield annually the essential material for 

 sixteen yards of gros de Naples. 



There are many varieties of M. alba, all 

 of which may be utilised for feeding the 

 silkworm ; but that called M. alba multicau- 

 lis is, both in France and Italy, considered 

 the best. 



M. rubra is a native of America, and 

 grows from forty to seventy feet in height. 

 AI. tatarica, a tree resembling the White 

 Mulberry, bears reddish or pale fruit, which 

 is not of good flavour, though made into 

 a sweetmeat in Tartary. There are some 

 other species, but those we have noticed 

 are the most important : the Black more 

 especially for its fruit, and for its leaves ; 

 and the White for its leaves chiefly, its 

 fruit being of little estimation, although 

 it also may be turned to account for feeding 

 poultry. [R. T.] 



MORVEN. (Fr.) Juniperus phcenicea. 



MOSCHARIA. An erect annual from 

 Chili, with the aspect of a Sonchus, but 

 with a strong smell of musk, forming a 

 germs of Composite of the tribe Nassau- 

 viece. It is characterised chiefly by the 

 involucre of five or six spreading leafy 

 bracts, and by the pappus consisting of 

 very short lanceolate ciliate chaffy scales. 



MOSCHATEL. Adoxa. 



MOSCHATOUS. Having the smell of 

 musk. 



MOSCH08MA. A genus of labiates, 

 having the calyx ovate, its upper tooth 

 largest, the others smaller and nearly 

 equal; and the style club-shaped, slightly 

 two-lobed at the end. The species are I 

 herbs, natives of the East Indies, of Hol- 

 land, or of Africa, and bear small flowers. 

 The name bears allusion to the odour pos- 

 Bessed by certain of them. [G. D.] 



MOSSES. A large alliance of cryptogams, 

 consisting on the one hand of the Liver- 

 worts or Hepaticre, and on the other of the '. 

 true Mosses or Musci. Their grand techni- | 

 cal distinction, however they may differ in i 

 habit, rests upon the fact that the arche- 

 gonia and antheridia are produced upon j 



the perfect plant, and not upon some pre- 

 vious growth or prothallus ; and that the 

 act of impregnation produces a capsule, 

 and not a new plant as in ferns and pseu- 

 do-ferns. The word Moss is applied popu- 

 larly to many low tufted plants, whether 

 phamogams or cryptogams. Small species 

 of Sedum, for instance S. anglicum, are 

 sometimes termed Mosses— of course mere- 

 ly on account of their habit. [M. J. B.] 



MOSS, BLACK. Tillandsia usneoides ; 

 also called Spanish Moss, and Long Moss. 

 — , BOG. Sphagnum. —, CANARY. Par- 

 melia perlata, a lichen used for dyeing. 

 — , CEYLON. The common name for Plo- 

 caria Candida, which is imported from 

 Ceylon with some other species. Its quali- 

 ties are like those of Carageen. Sphcero- 

 coccus lichenoides, which is found on the 

 southern coast of England as well as in the 

 tropics, has much the same qualities, and 

 has been prepared as a pickle and preserve, 

 or an ingredient in soup, the requisites for 

 such a use being delicacy of texture as well 

 as other qualities. — ,CORSICAN. A sup- 

 posed vermifuge, once in some repute, but 

 now almost exploded. If genuine, it should 

 consist of Gracilaria Helminthochorton, 

 one of the rose-spored Algce, but for this 

 the common Laurencia obtusa is frequently 

 substituted, and probably with no diminu- 

 tion of the real value of the sample. Many 

 other species are mixed up with the true 

 Corsican Moss, when that is really present. 

 The notion of its virtues probably arose 

 from the old doctrine of signatures, the 

 cylindrical stems and branches bearing i 

 fancied resemblance to a worm. — , CUP. 

 The common name of Cenomyce (Scypho- 

 phonis) pyxidata, a lichen which grows 

 abundantly on gravelly banks.rotten wood, 

 &c. deriving its name from the cup-shaped 

 processes to the margin of which the fruit 

 is attached. It is still kept by the herbalists 

 as a remedy for hooping-cough, though its 

 virtues are probably quite imaginary. — , 

 FILM. Eymenostomum. — , ICELAND. 

 Cetraria islandica, a nutritious article"of 

 food : see Cetraria. — , IDLE. An old 

 name for various tree lichens, especially 

 those which are pendulous. The epithet 

 ' idle' seems to imply that they are barren 

 and useless. — , IRISH. Chondrus cris- 

 pus : see Carageen. — , JAFFNA. Alec- 

 toria sarmentosa, a dye lichen collected in 

 Ceylon. — , LONG. Tillandsia usneoides. 

 —.NECKLACE. A name especially applied 

 to the form of Usnea in which the stem 

 is cracked transversely so as to look like 

 a strung necklace; but it is extended 

 to other conditions. — , NEW OR- 

 LEANS. Tillandsia usneoides, or Black 

 Moss. — , PEARL. Cliondrus crispus. 

 — , REIN-DEER. Cenomyce rangiferina. 

 — , SCALE. Jungermannia. Scale Mosses 

 is a term applied to the order Jungerman- 

 niacece. — , SPANISH. The commercial 

 name of Tillandsia usneoides. — , SPLIT. 

 AndroBa. 



MOSS-BERRY. Oxycoccus palustris. 



MOSS-CROPS. Eriophorum vaginatum. 



