811 



ic Cnra^urj) nf aSntanj), 



[papa 



suborder of that family. Trees with alter- 

 nate stalked leaves, and axillary solitary 

 or clustered unisexual flowers. Sepals five, 

 rarely two three or four ; petals five, rarely 

 six, "with scales placed opposite them ; 

 stamens five or numerous ; ovary free, 

 one-celled ; ovules numerous ; placentas pa- 

 rietal. Fruit one-celled, succulent, indehis- 

 cent ; seeds numerous ; albumen oily ; em- 

 bryo large. Nati ves of warm parts of India. 

 Eudnocarpus venenatus bears poisonous 

 fruit : Gynocardia odorata yields chaulmoo- 

 gra seeds, used in India for skin diseases. 

 pangium, Hydnocarpus, Gynocardia, and 

 j Bergamia are the only genera, and there 

 are very few species. [J. H. BJ 



PANGIUM. A Javanese tree, which gives 

 its name to a small natural order, regarded 

 by some botanists as a tribe of Flacourtia- 

 cea?, differing in the petals bearing each a 

 scale at the base. The leaves are alternate 

 entire or three-lobed ; the flowers dioecious 

 and axillary : the males in racemes, the fe- 

 | males solitary. The tree, known in its native 

 country under the name of Pangi, is said 

 to have a hard solid wood ; the bark and 

 leaves contain a poisonous principle, but 

 the kernels of the seeds, when boiled, cut 

 to pieces, and macerated in cold water to 

 remove their noxious narcotic qualities, j 

 are occasionally used as a condiment, al- 1 

 though rarely on account of their prejudi- j 

 cial effects on persons unaccustomed to 

 them. 



PAHICAUT. (Fr.) Eryngium. 



PANICLE. A branched raceme. 



PANICUM. A very extensive genus of 

 grasses, of the tribe Panicece, the essential 

 i character of which consists in the plants 

 belonging to it having spikelets or locustas, 

 of two flowers, one perfect and the other J 

 imperfect, the latter having stamens only 

 or neuter. Steudel describes 850 species 

 under this genus, divided into eighteen 

 sections, many of the heads of sections 

 being distinct genera of other authors. 

 Their geographical range is extensive, but \ 

 they are chiefly natives of the tropical and I 

 subtropical regions of the earth, where in 

 many instances one or other of the species 

 constitute the principal fodder-grasses. 

 For example, the Caapim de Angola, Pani- 

 I cumspectabUe, grows from six to seven feet 

 1 high in Brazil, according to Nees von Esen- 

 . bach, as quoted by Dr. Lindley, whilst other 

 equally gigantic species form the field-crops 

 ; on the banks of the Amazons. P. milia- 

 cev.m, called Warree, and P. pilosnm, called 

 Bhadlee, are both extensively grown in In- 

 dia ; while in the Deccan P. frumentaceum, 

 | called Shamoola, is also grown. [D. M.] 

 PANIZA. A Spanish name for Millet. 

 PANKE. Gunnera scabra. 

 PANJAM. The resinous gum of Biospy- 

 ros Embryopteris. 



PANMUHOOREE. An Indian name for 

 Fceniculum Panmorinm. 



PANNA-MARAM. A Tamil name for 

 Borassus flabelliformis. 



PANNOSE. Having the tex ture of coarse 

 cloth. 



PANOCOCO. A French name for Or- 

 mosia coccinea ; also for Swartzia tomen- 

 tosa. 



PANSURI. Pens made from the mid- 

 ribs of the leaflets of Arenga saccharifera. 



PANSY. Viola tricolor. 



PANTOUFLE DE NOTRE DAME. (Fr.) 

 Cypripedium. 



PANUS. A genus closely allied to Aga- 

 ricus, but of a more leathery persistent 

 texture. Two or three species resemble 

 Agaricus ostreatus, but are too tough to be 

 eatable. P. stypticus is one of the most 

 chai-acteristic species, with its little fan- 

 shaped mealy or bran-like brownish pileus 

 and abrupt stem, growing gregariously on 

 old oak-stumps or other wood. [M. J BJ 



PANT ALA. An Indian name for Fla- 

 courtia cataphracta. 



PAO CRAVO. A Portuguese name for 

 Bicypellium caryophylla.tvm, which pro- 

 duces clove-bark. — D'ARCO. A species 

 of Bignonia. — DE COBRA. The wood 

 of Strychnos colubrinum. — DE GUARA- 

 NA. Cakes prepared from Paullinia sorbilis. 

 — DE ROSA. The beautiful rose-coloured 

 wood of Physocalymma floribunda. — DE 

 TINGUY. Magonia pubescens. 



PAPANGAIE. (Fr.) Luffa cegyptiaca. 



PAPANGAY, or PAPONGE. (Fr.) Cu- 

 cumis acutangulus. 



PAPAREH. (Fr.) Momordica Charantia. 



PAPAVERACE.E. (Poppyivorts.) A na- 

 tural order of thalamifloral dicotyledons, 

 belonging to Lindley's ranal alliance of 

 hypogynous Exogens. They consist of 

 herbs or shrubs, usually with milky or co- 

 loured juice, having alternate exstipulate 

 leaves, and long one-flowered peduncles. 

 Sepals two, deciduous ; petals hypogynous, 

 usually four, cruciate— sometimes a mul- 

 tiple of four, regular; stamens hypogynous, 

 usually indefinite ; ovary solitary, the style 

 short or none ; stigmas two, or many and 

 radiating; ovules one-celled, anatropal. 

 Fruit either siliquiform with two, or cap- 

 sularwith several, parietal placentas ; seeds 

 numerous. The species are chiefly Euro- 

 pean, but are found scattered over tropical 

 America, Asia, China, New Holland, Cape 

 of Good Hope, &c. The order possesses 

 well-marked narcotic properties. Opium 

 is the concrete milky juice procured from 

 the unripe capsules of Pap aver sown if crum 

 and its varieties. There are about a score 

 of genera, as Papaver, Eschscholtzia, Arge- 

 mone, Platystevion, and Chelidonhim, and 

 nearly 150 species. [J. H. B.] 



PAPAVER. A well-known genus typical 

 of the Papavcracece, consisting of herbs 

 with a milky juice, distributed over Europe 

 and temperate Asia chiefly, though one or 

 two are described as natives of Australia 

 and South Africa. Some of the species, 

 however, are to be met with in many other 



