natifld with the segments laciniated ; pin- 

 natifido-sinuate, pinnatifld with the seg- 

 ments sinuated— and so on. 



PINNATILOBED, PINNATILOBATE. 

 "When the lobes of a pinnatifld leaf are 

 divided to an uncertain depth. 



PINNATIPARTITE. Having the ner- 

 vines pinnated, the lobes separated beyond 

 the middle, and the parenchyma uninter- 

 rupted ; as in Polypodium aureum. 



PINNATISECT. When the lobes are 

 divided down to the midrib, and the paren- 

 chyma is interrupted. 



PINNULES, or PINNUL2E. The second- 

 ary divisions of a pinnate leaf. 



PINOCCHIO. Edible pine-seeds. 



PIN-PILLOW. Opuntia curassavica. 



PINSAPO. Abies Pinsapo. 



PINUS. The true Pines form a very ex- 

 tensive genus of Conifene, numbering per- 

 haps about seventy species. They are con- 

 fined solely to the northern hemisphere, 

 and, with the exception of one Canarian 

 species, to Europe, Asia, and America— 

 j abounding principally in the temperate 

 | and cold regions, and occurring only very 

 j rarely within the tropics. All the species 

 are trees, a very great many growing to a 

 large and some to an immense height and 

 size ; and being of gregarious habit, grow- 

 ing together in masses, they form extensive 

 forests, especially in North America and 

 Northern Europe. 



Generically the Pines are well distin- 

 guished from the firs, spruces, cedars, 

 and larches, which some botanists com- 

 bine with them, by having their leaves in 

 little clusters of twos, threes, or fives, 

 sheathed at the base by thin chaff-like 

 scales ; and by the persistent woody scales 

 of which their cones are formed being 

 thickened into a more or less pyramidal 

 elevation at the top, with a boss in the 

 centre, which is often very prominent and 

 hooked. The leaves are evergreen, and 

 what is called needle-shaped, varying from 

 little more than an inch to a foot or more 

 in length, but never much thicker than a 

 stout needle, and usually very sharp-point- 

 ed. The two sexes of flowers are borne 

 on the same tree, and appear in the spring j 

 the male catkins being clustered round the 

 lower part of the young current year shoots, 

 forming dense compound spikes; and the 

 females solitary or in clusters at the apex 

 of young shoots. The former are made up 

 of numerous closely imbricated anthers 

 inserted round a common axis, and con- 

 sisting of two cells adnate to a scale-like 

 connective; and the latter of numerous 

 imbricated scales, each bearing two in- 

 verted ovules at its base. The cones ripen 

 in the autumn of the second or third year 

 after the flowering season, and consist of 

 the enlarged and hardened scales of the 

 female catkins, with the two ovules ma- 

 tured into nut-like seeds, which are nearly 

 always furnished with thin wings. 

 The crenus is of immense economic im- 



portance to mankind, more particularly in 

 the constructive arts, its chief products 

 being timber and turpentine. The follow- 

 ing are some of the most useful species :— 



Pinus sylvestris, the typical Pine of Eu- 

 rope, especially of the northern and central 

 parts, has a very extensive geographical 

 range, reaching from the Mediterranean 

 and Caucasus to lat. 74° north in Scandina- 

 via, and eastward across Siberia to Kamt- 

 scbatka. In this country it is known as the 

 Scotch Pine, the highlands of Scotland 

 being the only part of the British Isles 

 where it is truly indigenous at the present 

 day It is the badge of the M'Gregors. 

 The tree varies much in size according to 

 the soil and situation of its place of growth, 

 at high elevations being a mere stunted 

 shrub, and in more favourable localities 

 a tree fifty or one hundred feet high, fur- 

 nishing extremely valuable timber, the 

 different varieties of which are known in 

 commerce as Red, Norway, Riga, or Baltic 

 Pine. It also affords a great part of the 

 Wood Tar of Northern Europe, and some 

 Turpentine. 



Pinus australis, or P. palustris, as it is 

 sometimes called, is the Pitch Pine of the 

 Southern States of North America, where 

 it forms a great portion of what are there 

 termed 'pine-barrens,' which are extensive 

 and monotonous tracts of country covered 

 with pines to the exclusion of nearly all 

 other trees. Before the outbreak of the 

 American civil war, nearly all the Turpen- 

 tine consumed in this country came from 

 the Southern States, and was principally 

 the produce of this species of Pine. It 

 also affords the timber known to builders 

 as Georgia Pitch Pine. 



Pinus Pinaster, the Cluster Pine or Pin- 

 aster,, is indigenous to the European coun- 

 tries bordering on the Mediterranean, but 

 has been introduced into some Asiatic 



Pinus Pinaster. 



and other countries. It is one of the spe- 

 cies that flourish close to the sea, and on 

 that account is of vast importance in such 

 districts as the French departments of 

 Landes and Gironde, where, by means of 

 plantations formed of it, enormous tracts 

 of land adjacent to the seacoast and for- 

 merly occupied byrolling sands, have been 

 reclaimed and rendered useful for agricul- 



