995 



Cf)C Creagttrp of JSotaug. 



[bubu 



or scarcely developed ; the corolla rotate, . 

 five-parted ; the stamens five, partially | 

 protruding from the tube of the corolla ; 

 and the styles two, confluent at the base, 

 the stigmas button-like. Fruit somewhat 

 globular juicy two-lobed, two or rarely 

 one-celled, each cell containing a single 

 seed. 



The dye known as Madder consists of 

 the dried roots of R. tinctorum. In the 

 living roots the colouring-matter is yel- 

 low, but this becomes red on drying. The 

 best madder is imported from the Levant, 

 hut some comes from Holland and France ; 

 the dye is much used in the latter country 

 under the name of Garance. Some of the 

 Indian species also yield a red dye. 



Madder has sometimes been stated to pos- 

 sess medicinal virtues ; these, however, are 

 so slight as to be now disregarded. The 

 hones of young animals fed on madder 

 become tinged with a red colour, and phy- 



Rubia tinctorum. 



Biologists avail themselves of this fact in 

 their researches on the mode of growth of 

 the bones. The stem and leaves of R. 

 tinctorum are used in France for polishing 

 metal-work, for which purpose their stiff 

 hairs adapt them. The leaves and herbage 

 also are used as fodder for animals. 



One species, R. ptregrina, is native in the 

 South-west of England. It is a straggling 

 herb, trailing over bushes by means of 

 recurved prickles projecting from the 

 edges of the leaves and stem. It greatly 

 resembles the species of Galium, to which 

 genus indeed the present is very closely 

 allied ; but from which it may be distin- 

 guished by the fleshy fruit, destitute of 

 prickles or hairs, and by the five not four- 

 parted flowers. [M. T. M.] 



RUBICUND. Blushing ; rosy red. 



RTTBIGIXOSE. Brown-red ; a term 

 usually employed to denote a surface 

 whose peculiar colour is owing to glandu- 

 lar hairs. 



RUBOR, EDO. Redness of any sort. 



RUBSEN-CAKE. An oilcake made on 

 the Continent from the seeds of Brassica 

 prcecox. 



RUBUS. The genus of the Bramble, 

 Blackberry, Raspberry, Dewberry, and 

 Cloudberry. The species are mostly shrubs 

 (rarely herbs) trailing or erect, with prick- 

 ly stems, pinnate quinate ternate or 

 simply lobed leaves, and edible fruit. They 

 belong to the Rosacea, among which they 

 are sufficiently marked by the form of their 

 fruit. The plants of this family, growing 

 in all situations and in every kind of soil, 

 vary greatly, and are consequently most 

 perplexing to the botanist ; and so little are 

 authors agreed as to which are species 

 and which varieties, that while Hooker 

 and Arnott reckon but five species, Ba- 

 bington enumerates thirty-five. In a 

 popular work it will he necessary to men- 

 tion those only which maybe considered 

 typical species. Of R.Idceus no more need 

 he said than that it is the original of the 

 many varieties of Raspberry, and in its 

 wild state differs from the cultivated 

 kinds mainly in its smaller size. R. rham- 

 vif alius and R. corylif alius furnish the 

 Blackberries of the hedges, in which the 

 calyx of the fruit is reflexed ; R.fruticosus 

 has also a reflexed calyx, but the leaves 

 are hoary beneath. R. ccesius furnishes 

 Dewberries, distinguished by the large 

 size of the grains, which are covered with 

 bloom and few in number, the whole being 

 closely clasped by the calyx. R. saxatilis, 

 the Roebuck-berry, and the badge of the 

 M'Nabs, is an herbaceous species found in 

 mountainous places in the North, and dis- 

 tinguished by its ternate leaves, and fruit 

 of few red large grains. R. Cliamcemorus, 

 the Cloudberry, and badge of the M'Far- 

 lanes, is also herbaceous, with an erect 

 stem six to eight inches high, lobed leaves, 

 and a single flower which is succeeded by 

 a large orange-red fruit of an agreeable 

 flavour. The double-flowering Rubus of 

 gardens is a variety of R. fruticosus. R. 

 laciniatus, of which the native country is 

 unknown, is a rampant species with deeply 

 cut leaves, and large black fruit, which are 

 highly ornamental during autumn. R. 

 odoratus, the American Bramble, is an erect 

 unbranched shrub, with large five-lobed 

 leaves, and rose-coloured flowers. R.occiden- 

 talis, the Virginian Raspberry, has pinnate 

 and ternate leaves, white flowers, and black 

 fruit. Other species are grown in gardens, 

 and two or three are deemed worthy of the 

 conservatory. French : Ronce ; German : 

 j Brambeerstrauch. [C.A.J.] 



L The Raspberry, R. Idceus, is a deciduous 

 [ shrub with perennial creeping roots, bi- 

 , ennial stems, which are round villose or 

 I prickly, and pinnate leaves which become 

 trifoliate towards the upper part of the 

 shoots. The stems are technically termed 

 I caves. The Raspberry is a native of Great 

 i Britain and of most countries in Europe. 

 I It grows wild as far north as Lat. 70°, 

 j and southward it appears to have been 

 abundant on Mount Ida, in Asia Minor, 

 I Lat. 39° 40'. It was known to the ancients, 



